scholarly journals New Reality – New Problems. Financial Crime in Greater Poland in the Years 1945-1970

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-128
Author(s):  
Stanisław Jankowiak
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Security Services ◽  
Party Elites ◽  
Party Activists ◽  
Post War ◽  
The One ◽  
Second World

Abstract Systemic transformation in Poland after the Second World War led to deep transformations within the economy. It did not, however, change the way people thought. Despite the chaos of the post-war period, in which all the negative features shaped in the period of occupation manifested themselves, it seemed that the conceptual leaders of the Polish political and economic life would create new quality. However, it soon turned out that old habits die hard and the system created by communists opened a field for many abuses. This was accompanied by a sense of impunity, as the most prominent personalities in a given region were also involved in economic scandals. All this resulted in the creation of “cliques” in which both prominent Party activists and people put by the Party in high positions (usually also members of the Polish United Workers’ Party, PUWP) played important roles. On the one hand, after 1956, surveillance by the Security Office (UB) or Security Services (SB) was not that strict anymore, and on the other, the so-called “private initiative” started to develop fast – therefore the more “entrepreneurial” individuals started to exploit the situation and gain wealth. Abusing one’s position to organize large-scale thefts was considered relatively normal. This happened in various forms: sometimes directly, but more often by supporting or even organizing private projects with the use of the national, though unsupervised, supply of raw materials or products. This way, the Party members grew richer at the expense of the companies they worked for. This business was relatively widely tolerated by ordinary citizens, who saw it as an excuse to also “organize” goods individually for their own purposes in the companies which employed them. This common belief that “everybody steals” allowed people to justify their own dishonesty. Any attempts to fight this problem failed to produce satisfactory results. The diagnosis, even if correct, had to face reality, in which the pursuit of a better quality of life by the Party elites collided with the officially promoted ascetic lifestyles of the “ideological communists”, who, like Władysław Gomułka, did not understood the new times.

Life in the Fast Lane, 1945–1971

2019 ◽  
pp. 104-146
Author(s):  
Kenneth Bertrams ◽  
Julien Del Marmol ◽  
Sander Geerts ◽  
Eline Poelmans
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Organizational Capabilities ◽  
State Regulations ◽  
Managerial Culture ◽  
Common Drive ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Second World ◽  
Fast Lane

Although Artois and Piedboeuf were relatively spared by the bombings of the Second World War, both breweries had to struggle with a very difficult economic environment in the immediate post-war years. Due to massive investment, organizational capabilities, and clear-sighted management, they were able to overcome the scarcity of raw materials, increasing state regulations, and sluggish consumption. They entered the following decades with a common drive for expansion, diversification, and internationalization. While Artois became the largest European beer producer at the end of the 1960s, Piedboeuf experienced a staggering performance by reaching the second national position. Despite their different production levels, the breweries showed growing signs of convergence. The nature of their managerial culture and the form of their structure, however, were still very distinct and had to face several phases of readjustment to cope with their respective strategy.

Irregular Earthworks in Eastern Siam: an air survey

Antiquity ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 24 (93) ◽  
pp. 30-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. R. Williams-Hunt
Keyword(s):  
United States Army ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Royal Air Force ◽  
Photographic Evidence ◽  
Post War ◽  
The One ◽  
Army Air Force

During the war and in the immediate post-war period the Royal Air Force and the United States Army Air Force undertook a considerable air survey programme covering Burma, Siam and French Indo-China. In Siam the initial cover was restricted to large-scale (1:15,000 and better) photographs of towns, airfields and communications. Later a more ambitious programme of survey cover (scales 1 : 50,000 and 1 : 25,000 with a few towns and beaches at larger scale) was undertaken, and practically the whole of the country has been covered by air photographs of one scale or another.It has been my privilege to serve with the R.A.F. in Siam on both ground and flying duties and, more recently, to be in a position to examine most of the photographs taken. A very considerable number of archaeological sites have come to light, many being noted for the first time ; and it is my intention in this initial paper to comment briefly on one particular type of earthwork which appears to have a limited distribution in eastern Siam. The air photographs are reproduced with the sanction of the Air Ministry.It must be emphasized that although Siam, the meeting place of Indian and Chinese cultures, is rich in archaeological sites very little systematic work has yet been undertaken. On the one side the natural reluctance of the Siamese to disturb ancient sites and, on the other, comparative absence of trained archaeological research workers have been contributory factors. Detailed ground information generally is lacking and it follows that these notes are based on air photographic evidence, in most cases without ground checking, an impropriety of which the writer is only too well aware.

FROM WORLD WAR TO COLD WAR: THE WARTIME ALLIANCE AND POST-WAR TRANSITIONS, 1941–1947

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID REYNOLDS
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Social ◽  
Post War ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Second World

This review examines some of the recent British, American, and Russian scholarship on a series of important international transitions that occurred in the years around 1945. One is the shift of global leadership from Great Britain to the United States, in which, it is argued, the decisive moment was the fall of France in 1940. Another transition is the emergence of a wartime alliance between Britain and America, on the one hand, and the Soviet Union, on the other, followed by its disintegration into the Cold War. Here the opening of Soviet sources during the 1990s has provided new evidence, though not clear answers. To understand both of these transitions, however, it is necessary to move beyond diplomacy and strategy to look at the social, cultural, and economic dimensions of the Second World War. In particular, recent studies of American and Soviet soldiers during and after the conflict re-open the debate about Cold War ideology from the bottom up.

THE ORIGINS OF THE RESTAURANT BUSINESS IN THE PETRINE ERA: A HISTORIOGRAPHIC REVIEW OF MATERIALS FROM THE UFA PROVINCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (72) (4) ◽  
pp. 125-136
Author(s):  
O. A. Khairetdinova
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Peter 1 ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
The One

This article examines the specifics of the distribution of the drinking industry in the Ufa province during the reign of Peter 1. Difficulties in the development of distilling and alcohol business in this territory are associated with the religious traditions of the local population, the Bashkirs, as well as with the patrimonial right to own land of the indigenous population and the predominance of nomadic lifestyle. As a result, on the one hand, the Bashkirs as Muslims in every possible way opposed the emergence of drinking establishments and the spread of alcoholic beverages in the Ufa province, on the other hand, poorly developed agriculture did not contribute to the procurement of a sufficient volume of raw materials for the production of bread wine in this territory. Under Peter I, an attempt was made to influence the patrimonial right of the Bashkirs by increasing the list of fees and duties from the Bashkir population, as a result of which the Bashkir uprising of 1704–1711 was provoked. The result of the suppression of this uprising was to abolish the tax privileges of the Bashkirs, active agricultural development and large-scale peasant colonization of the territory. However, as a result of the clashes, the estates of the Ufa nobles began to decline, more than a third of the landowners’ villages were deserted, the number of peasants in the region was almost halved. Separately, the article discusses drinking fees, the infrastructure for managing government fees and duties in the Ufa province. Thus, in the course of the study, it was found that the basis of the region’s drinking profit was «honey collection from wine sales», that is, the most affordable alcoholic drink in Bashkiria was honey. At the same time, the grain raw materials necessary for distilling remained in short supply, which is why distilling continued to develop at a slow pace. It was also found that, despite the emergence of new categories of establishments in St. Petersburg, there were no changes in the outlying provinces, including in the Ufa province, and the number of taverns in the region remained the same.

scholarly journals Ideology of Expressiveness in the Post-War Ukrainian Sculpture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleksii Rohotchenko
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Socialist Realism ◽  
Fine Art ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
Real Picture

Aim. The study reveals the new facts about intervention of the ideology of socialist society into the creative process of Ukrainian sculptors during the post-war era. During this period, the style, later became known in the art history as the socialist realism, came to dominate in the main areas of art—sculpture, fine art, and graphics. One the objectives of the research was illustrating the forcible intervention of ideology in the creativity of Ukrainian artists of the period. Methodology of the study employs historical-logical, comparative methods, and interviewing. The sources in the previously classified archives allowed to discover little-known facts and to analyze the modes of behavior of the artists in non-free society. Scientific novelty of the research is providing a better understanding of the processes taking place in the circle of Ukrainian plastic artists during the 1940s to the 1960s. The article presents the real picture of artistic and social aspects of life of the sculptors in the Ukrainian SSR. Conclusions. The style labeled as socialist realism, which the sculptors ought to follow, was in fact almost photographic naturalism with the tendency for literary descriptiveness and theatricality. The teachers at the departments of sculpture expected students to create large-scale works, thus directing the young generation towards monumental sculpture. Such large, sometimes enormously large works later on would be commissioned for big and small cities. Ideological control played the main role in creating sculptural images. There were many multi-figured sculptural compositions produced, however, their number still did not match the number of multi-figured paintings. The party line prevailed over the artistic quality. The main and only figure for sculptors to depict was a Soviet hero. And since such hero was also depicted in the other fields and genres of art (fine art, literature, music, cinema and theatre), it could be safely said that Ukrainian sculpture of the period pursued the Soviet ideological path. The myth about the leading role of the party policy, forcibly introduced by the party ideologists, did not leave sculptors space and opportunities to create some other images. Socialist realism was considered to be the one and only style, supported by the society.

scholarly journals “MY GREAT-GRANDFATHER WOULD NOT HAVE RECOGNIZED HIS CITY”: THE IMAGE OF EKATERINBURG / SVERDLOVSK IN THE LITERATURE OF THE URALS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 1940S

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-104
Author(s):  
Maria A. Litovskaya ◽  
◽  
Yulia S. Nekrasova ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Literary Analysis ◽  
The Urals ◽  
History Of ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Post War ◽  
The One ◽  
The City

The paper considers the image of Ekaterinburg / Sverdlovsk in the 1940s Urals literature. It analyzes the content of the literary and artistic almanac “The Ural Contemporary” (1949), dedicated to the anniversary of Sverdlovsk, the novel by I. I. Likstanov “Green Stone” (1949), poems by E. E. Khorinskaya and others. The characteristic features of the image of the “capital of the Urals” in literature for adults and children are highlighted. The changes that have occurred in depicting of Sverdlovsk in comparison with the previous periods are noted. With a limited list of depicted urban loci, constant mention in various texts of the same key figures and events of urban history in the post-war period, the emphasis is shifted to the image of Ekaterinburg / Sverdlovsk as a city not only with a rich history, but also with a heterogeneous, complex socio-cultural environment. Based on the literary analysis the authors conclude that, although the portrayal of Ekaterinburg / Sverdlovsk saved previously formed images of the city-worker, factory-city, the center of economic life of the mining region, special attention in the second half of the 1940s is beginning to give to the beauty to the urban landscape, the convenience of urban living, the dynamics of urban development. The action in the texts is carried out from apartments and factory shops to the streets, the characters are depicted not only in situations of heroic work and everyday survival, but as ordinary citizens, even idle flankers who notice the quality of their place of residence. It is concluded that such a significant change in the image of Ekaterinburg / Sverdlovsk is associated, on the one hand, with changes in notion of the previous stages of the history of the city, on the other hand, with the desire of the Sverdlovsk Writers’ Organization to prove its self-sufficiency.

Commemorating the Future in Post-War Chernivtsi

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Frunchak
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Dominant Culture ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Scale Population ◽  
Post War ◽  
The City ◽  
War Commemoration ◽  
Second World

Throughout the Second World War and the post-war period, the city of Chernivtsi was transformed from a multiethnic and borderland urban microcosm into a culturally uniform Soviet socialist city. As the Soviets finally took power in this onetime capital of a Hapsburg province in 1944, they not only sponsored further large-scale population transfers but also “repopulated” its history, creating a new urban myth of cultural uniformity. This article examines the connection between war commemoration in Chernivtsi in the era of post-war, state-sponsored anti-Semitism and the formation of collective memory and identities of the city’s post-war population. The images of homogeneously Ukrainian Chernivtsi and Bukovina were created through the art of monumental propaganda, promoting public remembrance of certain events and personalities while making sure that others were doomed to oblivion. Selective commemoration of the wartime events was an important tool of drawing the borders of Ukrainian national identity, making it exclusivist and ethnic-based. Through an investigation of the origins of the post-war collective memory in the region, this article addresses the problem of perceived discontinuity between all things Soviet and post-Soviet in Ukraine. It demonstrates that it is, on the contrary, the continuity between Soviet and post-Soviet eras that defines today’s dominant culture and state ideology in Ukraine and particularly in its borderlands.

scholarly journals EVACUATION, HYGIENE, AND SOCIAL POLICY: THE OUR TOWNS REPORT OF 1943

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 781-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN WELSHMAN
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Initial Wave ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Many ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Welfare State

There has recently been much debate about social policy in Britain during the Second World War. This article takes up Jose Harris's suggestion that historians should look not at large-scale forces, but at ‘those minuscule roots of idiosyncratic private culture’. As a way into the complex amalgam that comprised ideas on social policy in the 1940s, we look in particular at the report on the evacuation of schoolchildren entitled Our towns: a close up, published by the Women's Group on Public Welfare in March 1943. Of course it is undeniable that one report is unrepresentative of all the many surveys that were produced on the evacuation experience. However, the initial wave of evacuation in September 1939 was the most significant, and the Our towns survey, along with a famous leader article in The Economist, has already received some selective attention from historians. Here we subject the survey to a more intensive examination, looking at the backgrounds of its authors, its content, and its reception by various professional groups. The article argues that it was the apparently contradictory nature of the report that explains its powerful appeal – it echoed interwar debates about behaviour and citizenship, but also reflected the ideas that would shape the welfare state in the post-war years.

The Reuniting of Families in Europe during and after the Second World War (II)

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (216) ◽  
pp. 115-128
Author(s):  
H. G. Beckh
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
International Review ◽  
World War ◽  
Previous Issue ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

In a previous issue, International Review set out the moral and, for the ICRC, fundamental, reasons spurring it to tackle this problem at the international level. The legal standards were described in general terms, but should now be gone into in greater detail.Not only did the second world war lay waste large areas and virtually destroy economic life; it also left in its wake bitterness and hatred together with fundamental ideological differences. Even the very first attempts at reuniting families demonstrated their pacifying effects. Such reunited families completely forgot the hardships of the wartime and post-war periods and once more looked to the future, starting with the rebuilding of their lives.

scholarly journals On Some Issues of Post-War World Order (speech at the annual meeting of the russian historical society on september 9, 2015)

2015 ◽  
pp. 204-209
Author(s):  
A. V. Torkunov
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
World Order ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

Abstract: 70th anniversary of our victory in the Great Patriotic War and large-scale national and international events marking the end of the Second World War caused an unprecedented wave of interest in the history of the war and the problems of post-war world order. There are new estimates of the war differing from previous interpretations of events, many of which, apparently, are connected with the political situation. In this regard, I would like to focus on two important issues that seem to me to be underestimated nowadays - institutional component of the postwar world, and the specifics of the Asia-Pacific order at the end of the war.

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