scholarly journals Ideology of Expressiveness in the Post-War Ukrainian Sculpture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleksii Rohotchenko
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Socialist Realism ◽  
Fine Art ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
Real Picture

Aim. The study reveals the new facts about intervention of the ideology of socialist society into the creative process of Ukrainian sculptors during the post-war era. During this period, the style, later became known in the art history as the socialist realism, came to dominate in the main areas of art—sculpture, fine art, and graphics. One the objectives of the research was illustrating the forcible intervention of ideology in the creativity of Ukrainian artists of the period. Methodology of the study employs historical-logical, comparative methods, and interviewing. The sources in the previously classified archives allowed to discover little-known facts and to analyze the modes of behavior of the artists in non-free society. Scientific novelty of the research is providing a better understanding of the processes taking place in the circle of Ukrainian plastic artists during the 1940s to the 1960s. The article presents the real picture of artistic and social aspects of life of the sculptors in the Ukrainian SSR. Conclusions. The style labeled as socialist realism, which the sculptors ought to follow, was in fact almost photographic naturalism with the tendency for literary descriptiveness and theatricality. The teachers at the departments of sculpture expected students to create large-scale works, thus directing the young generation towards monumental sculpture. Such large, sometimes enormously large works later on would be commissioned for big and small cities. Ideological control played the main role in creating sculptural images. There were many multi-figured sculptural compositions produced, however, their number still did not match the number of multi-figured paintings. The party line prevailed over the artistic quality. The main and only figure for sculptors to depict was a Soviet hero. And since such hero was also depicted in the other fields and genres of art (fine art, literature, music, cinema and theatre), it could be safely said that Ukrainian sculpture of the period pursued the Soviet ideological path. The myth about the leading role of the party policy, forcibly introduced by the party ideologists, did not leave sculptors space and opportunities to create some other images. Socialist realism was considered to be the one and only style, supported by the society.

scholarly journals Red Trauma: Aleksander Kobzdej’s Informel and the Challenge of Stalinist Past

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiktor Komorowski
Keyword(s):  
Socialist Realism ◽  
Major Work ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Unique Character ◽  
Polish Art ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
War Art

This article investigates the relation between Socialist realism and Polish ‘matter painting’. By taking a closer look at the use of red hue developed by Aleksander Kobzdej for his informel compositions, it attempts to uncover psychological challenges Polish post-war artist had to face trying to emancipate from the Socialist tradition. A major work that only distantly approaches the topic of psychological stigma came to light along with the exhibition Nowoczesni a Socrealizm, which took place at the Starmach Gallery in Krakow in 2000. A more developed argument in this matter can be found in Tomasz Gryglewicz’s paper ‘Co zawdzięcza sztuka polska PRL-owi?’ in which he pointed out that the success of Polish ‘matter painting’ was based on the fact that Polish artists managed to preserve the pre-war ideas of Polish structuralism and colourism from the trauma of war and Stalinism. This alleged success became the input of Polish ‘matter painting’ in the development of European post-war art. This article offers an alternative argument to the one presented by Gryglewicz as it points to the fact that the unique character of the Polish art of the 1960s comes not from the ability to rebuild the pre-war avant-garde tradition, but rather from the ability to challenge the distress caused by the Stalinist past.

The foundations and prerequisites of imagology

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-74
Author(s):  
Valerii P. Trykov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Engineering ◽  
Dominant Strategy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Role ◽  
The West ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
Eu Project

The article examines the conceptual foundations and scientific, sociocultural and philosophical prerequisites of imagology, the field of interdisciplinary research in humanitaristics, the subject of which is the image of the “Other” (foreign country, people, culture, etc.). It is shown that the imagology appeared as a response to the crisis of comparatives of the mid-20th century, with a special role in the formation of its methodology played by the German comparatist scientist H. Dyserinck and his Aachen School. The article analyzes the influence on the formation of the imagology of post-structuralist and constructivist ideological-thematic complex (auto-reference of language, discursive history, construction of social reality, etc.), linguistic and cultural turn in the West in the 1960s. Shown is that, extrapolated to national issues, this set of ideas and approaches has led to a transition from the essentialist concept of the nation to the concept of a nation as an “imaginary community” or an intellectual construct. A fundamental difference in approaches to the study of an image of the “Other” in traditional comparativism and imagology, which arises from a different understanding of the nation, has been distinguished. It is concluded that the imagology studies the image of the “Other” primarily in its manipulative, socio-ideological function, i.e., as an important tool for the formation and transformation of national and cultural identity. The article identifies ideological, socio-political factors that prepared the birth of the imagology and ensured its development in western Humanities (fear of possible recurrences of extreme nationalism and fascism in post-war Europe, the EU project, which set the task of forming a pan-European identity). It is concluded that the imagology, on the one hand, has actualized an important field of scientific research — the study of the image of the “Other”, but, on the other hand, in the broader cultural and historical perspective, marked a departure not only from the traditions of comparativism and historical poetics, but also from the humanist tradition of the European culture, becoming part of a manipulative dominant strategy in the West. To the culture of “incorporation” into a “foreign word” in order to understand it, preserve it and to ensure a genuine dialogue of cultures, the imagology has contrasted the social engineering and the technology of active “designing” a new identity.

scholarly journals Forward: There Are Still Plenty of Opportunities On the Boundaries

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yijun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Anisotropic Elasticity ◽  
Boundary Integral ◽  
Stress Concentrations ◽  
Modeling Tools ◽  
Hypersingular Integrals ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
Local Integral Equations

<table width="530" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"> <a name="abstract"></a> <span class="subtitle" style="font-weight:bold">Abstract</span><br /> <p><img src="http://ejbe.libraries.rutgers.edu/files/rizzo.gif" align=left HSPACE=20>This is the second of the two special issues of Electronic Journal of Boundary Elements in honor of Professor Frank Rizzo. There are thirteen technical papers in this issue, contributed by Professor Rizzo’s colleagues, friends and former students. These papers cover a broad range of topics in the boundary integral equation and boundary element method (BIE/BEM), including Galerkin BEM for anisotropic elasticity (Gray, Griffith, et al.), evaluations of hypersingular integrals in Galerkin BEM (Bonnet and Guiggiani), Green’s function BEM for bimaterials (Denda), new 3-D Green’s functions for piezoelectric bimaterials (Pan), new formulations using local integral equations (Sladek and Sladek), BEM in sensitivity analysis with stress concentrations (Burczynski and Habarta), fracture of thermopiezoelectric materials (Qin), BEM for 3-D gradient elastodynamics (Polyzos, Tsepoura and Beskos), time-domain large-scale elastodynamic analysis (Yoshikawa and Nishimura), acoustic BEM for analyzing mufflers and silencers (Wu and Cheng), analysis of solids with randomly distributed inclusions (Yao, Kong and Zheng), thermal and stress analyses of thermal barrier coatings (Lu and Dong), and finally, modeling of carbon nanotube-based composites (Liu and Chen). These authors are gratefully acknowledged for their excellent contributions, and for their patience and cooperation in the process of preparing this special issue. It is interesting to note that the wide applications of the elasticity BIE/BEM in engineering all started with a simple idea. That is, boundary-value problems can be solved by boundary-only methods. The first result in this direction is also amazingly concise. During a recent trip to Urbana, Illinois, I checked out Professor Rizzo’s Ph.D. dissertation from the UIUC library. The thirty-page dissertation is without doubt a masterpiece that many current and future Ph.D. candidates may like to follow, for its originality and succinct writing. The dissertation laid a solid foundation for what is now called the BEM for elasticity and many other problems, and eventually led to the seminal paper of 1967. Behind this masterpiece are Professor Rizzo’s affection and conviction in the BIE/BEM and his willingness to explore a different route in research. This spirit of exploration and his serious attitude in research have inspired and influenced many of his former students and colleagues in the last forty years. Researchers in the pursuit of boundary-only methods can be described as explorers in a Flatland (see Professor Rizzo’s article in Issue No. 1). They can have different perspectives, but can also discover treasures that others could not uncover. As younger researchers come into this playground, new breakthroughs, just like the one made by Professor Rizzo in the 1960s, may not be far away. There will certainly be more innovative boundary-only methods emerging in the near future. More special numerical tools will be developed and more emerging problems will be solved by these new modeling tools. The fields of computational mechanics will be further diversified and thus prosperous. There are still plenty of opportunities on the boundaries! <br /><br /><br /> </td> </tr> </table>

Irregular Earthworks in Eastern Siam: an air survey

Antiquity ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 24 (93) ◽  
pp. 30-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. R. Williams-Hunt
Keyword(s):  
United States Army ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Royal Air Force ◽  
Photographic Evidence ◽  
Post War ◽  
The One ◽  
Army Air Force

During the war and in the immediate post-war period the Royal Air Force and the United States Army Air Force undertook a considerable air survey programme covering Burma, Siam and French Indo-China. In Siam the initial cover was restricted to large-scale (1:15,000 and better) photographs of towns, airfields and communications. Later a more ambitious programme of survey cover (scales 1 : 50,000 and 1 : 25,000 with a few towns and beaches at larger scale) was undertaken, and practically the whole of the country has been covered by air photographs of one scale or another.It has been my privilege to serve with the R.A.F. in Siam on both ground and flying duties and, more recently, to be in a position to examine most of the photographs taken. A very considerable number of archaeological sites have come to light, many being noted for the first time ; and it is my intention in this initial paper to comment briefly on one particular type of earthwork which appears to have a limited distribution in eastern Siam. The air photographs are reproduced with the sanction of the Air Ministry.It must be emphasized that although Siam, the meeting place of Indian and Chinese cultures, is rich in archaeological sites very little systematic work has yet been undertaken. On the one side the natural reluctance of the Siamese to disturb ancient sites and, on the other, comparative absence of trained archaeological research workers have been contributory factors. Detailed ground information generally is lacking and it follows that these notes are based on air photographic evidence, in most cases without ground checking, an impropriety of which the writer is only too well aware.

A 60-year dysfunctional relationship: How and why curriculum and assessment in fine art in England have always been problematic and still are

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-185
Author(s):  
Nicholas Houghton
Keyword(s):  
Fine Art ◽  
Art Practice ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Interdisciplinary Practice ◽  
Core Set ◽  
National Examinations ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
Standardized Examinations ◽  
Art Schools

This article gives a brief account of the last 60 years of fine art in English art schools, concentrating on the curriculum and assessment only. Sixty years ago, there were national examinations and teachers taught to the test. The main causes of changes to assessment and curriculum were policy decisions of the 1960s, which abolished national examinations. This was followed a decade later by the need to accommodate post-Duchampian art practice. This new paradigm of fine art placed an emphasis on criticality, information and interdisciplinary practice with a reduced role for self-expression, formalism and traditional skills. The challenge this offered to the curriculum was that there was no longer any core set of skills or knowledge that all students need to learn. This has come up against higher education sector requirements to provide a detailed description of what all students should learn and against which they are assessed. Behind this intractable contradiction lies a clash of two incompatible world-views: the one interpretive within fine art and the other positivist held by those who determine assessment policy. A consequence of the ubiquitous adoption of these assessment regimes and the pressures of marketization is that teaching to the test is once again becoming the norm, albeit without standardized examinations.

Postwar Immigrants and Their New Japanese Identity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mieko Nishida
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Japanese Women ◽  
Immigrant Parents ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
Japanese Immigrants ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Immigrant Men

The new values and ideas that post-war Japanese immigrants brought with them to Brazil not only created conflicts with prewar immigrants but also challenged and/or confirmed patriarchy in the Japanese diaspora. Many postwar immigrant men arrived as single agricultural and industrial workers in the 1950s and 1960s. Some married Nisei and white Brazilian women but others preferred to look for women to marry back in Japan. Thus in the 1960s and 1970s adult Japanese women arrived in Brazil as “bride immigrants,” whose main role was to support their husbands in Brazil. In the 1980s, unemployed postwar immigrant men became the first to choose dekassegui work in Japan in order to support their families in Brazil. Like their prewar counterparts had done, postwar immigrant parents devoted themselves to the higher Brazilian education of both daughters and sons and expected them to succeed as urban upper-middle-class Brazilians.

Marcuse, Herbert (1898–1979)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Callinicos
Keyword(s):  
Social Transformation ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Frankfurt School ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Rational Thought ◽  
Post War ◽  
State Of Rest ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One

Herbert Marcuse endured a brief moment of notoriety in the 1960s, when his best-known book, One-Dimensional Man (1964), was taken up by the mass media as the Bible of the student revolts which shook most Western countries in that decade. Though Marcuse’s actual political influence was uneven, his public image was not wholly misleading. On the one hand, he popularized the critique of post-war capitalism that he, with the other theorists of the Frankfurt School, had helped develop: the Western liberal democracies were, they argued, ‘totally administered societies’ permeated by the values of consumerism, in which the manufacture and satisfaction of ‘false needs’ served to prevent the working class from gaining any genuine insight into their situation. On the other hand, Marcuse never fully subscribed to the highly pessimistic version of Marxism developed by the central figures of the Frankfurt School, Adorno and Horkheimer. He hoped that revolts by an underclass of ‘the outcasts and the outsiders, the exploited and persecuted of other races and other colours, the unemployed and unemployable’ would stimulate a broader social transformation. Underlying this affirmation of revolutionary possibilities was a conception of Being as a state of rest in which all conflicts are overcome, where rational thought and sensual gratification are no longer at war with one another, and work merges into play. Intimations of this condition – which could only be fully realized after the overthrow of capitalism (and perhaps not even then) – were, Marcuse believed, offered in art, ‘the possible Form of a free society’. Imagination could thus show politics the way.

Okamoto, Tarō (1911–1996)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neilton Clarke
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Pablo Picasso ◽  
Man Ray ◽  
World Expo ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Artistic Director ◽  
Venice Biennale

Tarō Okamoto [岡本太郎] (1911–1996) was one of Japan’s most visible artists during the post-World War II period. Born in Kawasaki, Kanagawa, his father was a cartoonist and his mother a writer. In 1929, having enrolled at the Tokyo Fine Arts School, Okamoto travelled to Europe and in 1930 began living in Paris. A member of the Abstraction-Création group between 1933–1937, Okamoto associated with the likes of Georges Bataille, André Breton, Pablo Picasso, and Man Ray before returning to Japan in 1940. Working in a broad range of media and courting abstraction, biomorphic surrealism, and an abstracted figuration, his political-allegorical paintings are seemingly emblematic of the post-war decades. Examples include the paintings Heavy Industry (1949), an apparent indictment of capitalism, and Law of the Jungle (1950). In 1954, he exhibited in the 27th Venice Biennale, also establishing the Institute of Esthetic Research. The 1960s saw him working in Mexico on a large-scale commission, the nuclear-themed mural Myth of Tomorrow (1970), which was subsequently returned and installed in Tokyo’s Shibuya Station in 2008. Okamoto’s sculptural output saw his Tower of the Sun artwork exhibited as part of World Expo ’70, Osaka, for which he was also artistic director. The Taro Okamoto Memorial Museum in Tokyo, which opened in 1988, occupies his former Aoyama home and studio site, while The Taro Okamoto Museum of Art, having opened in 1999 in Kawasaki, holds an extensive collection of his work.

scholarly journals New Reality – New Problems. Financial Crime in Greater Poland in the Years 1945-1970

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-128
Author(s):  
Stanisław Jankowiak
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Security Services ◽  
Party Elites ◽  
Party Activists ◽  
Post War ◽  
The One ◽  
Second World

Abstract Systemic transformation in Poland after the Second World War led to deep transformations within the economy. It did not, however, change the way people thought. Despite the chaos of the post-war period, in which all the negative features shaped in the period of occupation manifested themselves, it seemed that the conceptual leaders of the Polish political and economic life would create new quality. However, it soon turned out that old habits die hard and the system created by communists opened a field for many abuses. This was accompanied by a sense of impunity, as the most prominent personalities in a given region were also involved in economic scandals. All this resulted in the creation of “cliques” in which both prominent Party activists and people put by the Party in high positions (usually also members of the Polish United Workers’ Party, PUWP) played important roles. On the one hand, after 1956, surveillance by the Security Office (UB) or Security Services (SB) was not that strict anymore, and on the other, the so-called “private initiative” started to develop fast – therefore the more “entrepreneurial” individuals started to exploit the situation and gain wealth. Abusing one’s position to organize large-scale thefts was considered relatively normal. This happened in various forms: sometimes directly, but more often by supporting or even organizing private projects with the use of the national, though unsupervised, supply of raw materials or products. This way, the Party members grew richer at the expense of the companies they worked for. This business was relatively widely tolerated by ordinary citizens, who saw it as an excuse to also “organize” goods individually for their own purposes in the companies which employed them. This common belief that “everybody steals” allowed people to justify their own dishonesty. Any attempts to fight this problem failed to produce satisfactory results. The diagnosis, even if correct, had to face reality, in which the pursuit of a better quality of life by the Party elites collided with the officially promoted ascetic lifestyles of the “ideological communists”, who, like Władysław Gomułka, did not understood the new times.

scholarly journals Dr Vladimir Kalaydzhiev or the Embodiment of Modernity

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-147
Author(s):  
Mincho Georgiev ◽  
Anelia Kassabova
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Reform ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
Double Reading ◽  
History Of ◽  
Diachronic Analysis ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One

The text attempts an experimental “double reading” of a significant figure in the history of Bulgarian health care – Dr. Vladimir Kalaydzhiev, initiator and organiser of a large-scale public health care reform in Bulgaria in the 1960s. The authors' different approaches make it possible, on the one hand, to interpret the specifics of the health reform and the reasons for its (partial) repeal in the context of synchronous developments in Europe and controversial, on the other hand, to contraversially offer a diachronic analysis with basic characteristics of the "Catholic West" and the "Orthodox socialist East".

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