Competence, Desert and Trust — Why are Women Penalized in Online Product Market Interactions?

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Kricheli-Katz ◽  
Tali Regev
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Product Market ◽  
Product Markets ◽  
Market Interactions ◽  
Gift Card ◽  
Price Differences ◽  
To Receive

AbstractWhy do women sellers in product markets receive lower prices than men sellers when selling the same identical products? This Article investigates the effects of cultural beliefs about competence, desert and trust on market interactions with women and men sellers. We use an experimental approach to show that the prices people are willing to pay for the exact same product (a $100 Amazon gift card) are affected by cultural beliefs about gender; when a woman sells a gift card, she is likely to receive five percent less for it, compared to when a man does. Our analysis further suggests that it is beliefs about women’s relative competence and moral entitlement that drive the gender price gap in product markets. When the participants in the experiment were presented with information that suggested that the woman seller was a competent or entitled seller, no gender price differences were found between such women sellers and their equally qualified male counterparts. Nonetheless, information about the trustworthiness of sellers did not decrease the gap between women and men sellers. This suggests that price gaps between women and men in product markets are not generated by beliefs about the trustworthiness of women and men.

An Experimental Approach to the Introductory Political Science Course

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 9-11
Author(s):  
William McClure ◽  
Michael Stohl
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Introductory Course ◽  
Teacher’S Role ◽  
Teacher's Role ◽  
Receiver Model ◽  
To Receive

The conventional introductory course rests upon the pedagogical assumption that the teacher's function is to transmit information (or knowledge) and that the student's function is to receive it. According to this transmitter-receiver model of the educational process, teaching begins with a “knower” who “transmits” what he knows to a “learner.” In higher education, certain euphemisms are employed to soften and furnish a color of legitimacy to this model: the teacher is a “scholar,” and “authority,” in his field; he possesses an “expert knowledge” which the student has come to school to “learn“; the student is the “learner.” The teacher's role, accordingly, is the active one of transmitting information and the student's role, accordingly, is the passive one of receiving and recording (or memorizing) this information.

High Tech Versus High Touch

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-113
Author(s):  
Charles E. Naquin ◽  
Terri R. Kurtzberg ◽  
Lisa Lewin
Keyword(s):  
Hard Copy ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Electronic Text ◽  
Media Richness ◽  
Electronic Communications ◽  
Media Richness Theory ◽  
Gift Certificate ◽  
Gift Card ◽  
To Receive

Previous research in the area of how individuals respond to hard-copy versus electronic communications indicates inconsistent results. Although media richness theory suggests that there is no theoretical distinction between physical, hard-copy and electronic, text-based communications, other research has shown that an individual’s response varies depending on the type of communication. The present research explores the reaction to unexpected opportunities as a function of how the communications are received—either via email or as a hard-copy. Results indicate that participants were equally satisfied to receive either an electronic or a physical gift certificate; however, they redeemed them in unequal amounts. Participants who received a physical gift card were more likely to redeem their gifts and were more likely to spend a greater amount of the total gift card than those who received an electronic one.

Financial Strength and Product Market Competition: Evidence from Asbestos Litigation

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles J. Hadlock ◽  
Ramana Sonti
Keyword(s):  
Market Competition ◽  
Product Market ◽  
Product Market Competition ◽  
Market Reactions ◽  
General Hypothesis ◽  
Market Interactions ◽  
Exogenous Shocks ◽  
Financial Strength ◽  
Liability Structure

AbstractWe study the role of financial strength on product market competition by examining exogenous shocks to a firm’s liability structure arising from asbestos litigation. We find that exogenous increases (decreases) in asbestos liabilities are interpreted by the market as negative (positive) news for a firm’s close competitors. These reactions are magnified in events in which one asbestos-tainted firm goes bankrupt and other asbestos-tainted stocks fall on the news of the bankruptcy. For smaller competitors, market reactions are more pronounced in more concentrated industries. Our findings support the general hypothesis that increases in fixed liabilities lead to more aggressive product market interactions.

scholarly journals Do photos help or hinder field experiments of discrimination?

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 502-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Rich
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Response Probability ◽  
Product Market ◽  
Skin Colour ◽  
Product Markets ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess field experiments of labour and product markets that have attached photos to identify applicants (in the case of labour markets) or sellers/crowd funders (in the case of product markets). Design/methodology/approach The experiments seek to identify the contribution of attractiveness, race/ethnicity, skin colour, sexual orientation or religion to the behaviour of agents in markets. These experiments attach photos to CV to signal attractiveness, or the basis of being tested such as race/ethnicity, skin colour or religion. Findings Many experiments report significant findings for the impact of attractiveness or the identity revealed on positive callbacks to applicants. Research limitations/implications The issue considered here, however, is to what extent it is attractiveness or other perceived characteristics that may have had an impact on the behaviour recorded in the experiments. The results of the studies covered in this paper, to a lesser extent those of Weichselbaumer (2004) and Baert (2017), are compromised by including photos, with the possibility the responses received were influenced not only by the basis being tested such as attractiveness, race/ethnicity or religion but by some other characteristic unintended by the researcher but conveyed by the photo. Practical implications There is evidence in the experimental work of a range of characteristics that photos convey of individuals and their impact on labour and product market outcomes such as success in obtaining a positive response to job applications and success in obtaining funding to finance projects in the product market. Suggestions are made for future experiments: evaluation of photos for a range of characteristics; use of a “no photo” application together with the photo applications; and evaluation of responses for any bias from unobservable characteristics using Neumark (2012). Originality/value This paper discusses for the first time three questions with some tentative answers. First, the researcher faces introducing further unobservable characteristics by using photos. Second, the researcher cannot fully control the experimental approach when using photos. Third, the researcher is able to accurately evaluate the impact of the photos used on the response/probability of call back. Field experiments using photos need to ensure they do this for the range of factors that have been shown to affect judgments and therefore potentially influence call back response. However, the issue remains whether the researcher has, in fact, identified all potential characteristics conveyed by the photos.

On the Attempt to Implement Social Addressability within a Robotic System

i-com ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-85
Author(s):  
Philipp Graf ◽  
Manuela Marquardt ◽  
Diego Compagna
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Robot System ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
The Status ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractWe conducted a Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) study during a science event, using a mixed method experimental approach with quantitative and qualitative data (adapted version of Godspeed Questionnaire and audio-visual material analysed videographically). The main purpose of the research was to gather insight into the relevance of the so-called “point of interaction” for a successful and user-friendly interaction with a non-anthropomorphic robot. We elaborate on this concept with reference to sociological theories under the heading of “addressability” and “social address” and generate hypotheses informed by former research and theoretical reflections. We implement an interface on our robot system, comprising two LEDs, which indicate the status of the robot/interaction, and which might possibly serve as basal form of embodied social address. In one experimental condition, the movements were accompanied by a light choreography, the other one was conducted without the LEDs. Our findings suggest a potential relevance of social address for the interaction partner to receive additional information, especially if the situation is a contingent one. Nevertheless, the overall rating on the Godspeed scales showed no significant differences between the light conditions. Several possible reasons for this are discussed. Limitations and advantages are pointed out in the conclusion.

scholarly journals Occupations, the Missing Link? A New Theoretical and Methodological Approach to Product Markets, Skill and Pay

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Knox ◽  
Chris Warhurst
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Product Market ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Product Markets ◽  
Missing Link ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Market Strategies

Drawing on research of Australian cafes, this article examines the link between product market strategies, skill and pay. Addressing the methodological problems within existing research, the findings not only suggest a new methodology for future research examining these linkages but also a new theoretical proposition about the linkages based on occupation rather than firm, industry or sector.

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