Bracketing Paradoxes resolved

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Newell
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Particle Verbs ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Bracketing Paradoxes ◽  
Particle Physicist ◽  
Correct Structure

Abstract Bracketing Paradoxes (BPs) have been the subject of many different analyses since the 1970s. Each of these analyses have included BP-specific machinery to account for the apparent mismatch between the syntactico-semantic and morpho-phonological structures argued to be necessary for a complete analysis of this phenomenon. This article proposes that independently necessary operations and structures in the morpho-syntactic and phonological modules allow for an analysis of BPs that avoids postulating ad-hoc tools. Specifically, a system that includes cyclic (phasal) interpretation of the morpho-syntax in combination with a flat (CVCV) phonological framework avoids the emergence of paradoxical structures altogether. The discussion therefore includes both current morpho-syntactic and phonological analyses of each construction proposed to give rise to a BP; comparatives (unhappier), Level-ordering BPs (ungrammaticality), Phrasal BPs (modular grammarian), Compound BPs (particle physicist), Particle-verbs (podžëg ‘set fire’ [Russian]), and Reduplicated BPs (kwíita-kwíita ‘to pour a bit’ [Kihehe]). The proposal that a flat phonological framework is key in avoiding the paradoxical nature of BPs has implications for the correct structure of phonological representations generally.

Changes in environment as cause for environmentally induced migration of people

2017 ◽  
pp. 527-537
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Ljustina
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Complex Relation ◽  
Environmental Migration ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Adequate Definition ◽  
The Subject

Migration is one of the oldest and most used strategies for overcoming negative social issues. Despite the fact that it is historically deeply rooted, environmental migration as a social phenomenon has only recently become the subject research of numerous scientific fields. However, the study of current environmental migration is characterized by a number of issues, such as absence of an adequate definition and multi-causality of environmental migration. In this paper, through conceptual framework, author analyzed two main questions: who are environmental migrants and what reasons cause environmental migration. Due to the destruction of the global environmental balance, as well as accumulated environmental disturbances, it is likely that environmental migration will increase in future and there is nowhere you cannot make more use of scientific and professional projection of the future than in demographic and environmental spheres of human life. There is no doubt that our future is unpredictable. However, the environmental factors influencing the pattern of human interaction with the environment must be taken into account when projecting future development of the modern society. Such is the context in which the complex relation among migration, change and the environment has to be studied. In order to establish the basis for controlling environmental migration caused by negative changes in the environment, it is necessary to adopt a consistent strategy instead of ad hoc activities that are being used. In this paper, author analyzed societal response for the challenges caused by environmental migration, specifically regarding actions related to governing environmental migrations.

Quantitative Content Analysis of the United Nations Seabed Debate: Methodology and a Continental Shelf Case Study

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Friedheim ◽  
J. B. Kadane
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Outer Edge ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The United Nations

International arrangements for the uses of the ocean have been the subject of long debate within the United Nations since a speech made by Ambassador Arvid Pardo of Malta before the General Assembly in 1967. Issues in question include the method of delimiting the outer edge of the legal continental shelf; the spectrum of ocean arms control possibilities; proposals to create a declaration of principles governing the exploration for, and the exploitation of, seabed mineral resources with the promise that exploitation take place only if it “benefits mankind as a whole,” especially the developing states; and consideration of schemes to create international machinery to regulate, license, or own the resources of the seabed and subsoil. The discussions and debates began in the First (Political and Security) Committee of the 22nd General Assembly and proceeded through an ad hoc committee to the 23rd and 24th assembly plenary sessions. The creation of a permanent committee on the seabed as a part of the General Assembly's machinery attests to the importance members of the United Nations attribute to ocean problems. Having established the committee, they will be faced soon with the necessity of reaching decisions. The 24th General Assembly, for example, passed a resolution requesting the Secretary-General to ascertain members' attitudes on the convening of a new international conference to deal with a wide range of law of the sea problems.

Protocol to the Convention on the Prohibition of Bacteriological (Biological) Weapons – History, Main Provisions, Significance and Reasons for Not Signing

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-21
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Special Role ◽  
International Agreement ◽  
Us Military ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Weapons Control

Received 30 January 2021. Accepted for publication 20 March 2021 The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (BTWC) does not have a legally binding verification regime. An attempt by the Ad Hoc Group of Experts, created by the UN Committee on Disarmament, to strengthen the BTWC by developing a legally binding document – the Protocol, was blocked by the United States in July 2001. The purpose of this work is to study the history, main provisions, significance and reasons for not signing the Protocol to the BTWC. The attention is paid to the events in biological weapons control, which have led a number of countries to the understanding of the necessity to develop the Protocol. The background of the US actions to block this document is the subject of special consideration. During the Second Review Conference on the Implementation of the Convention (8–25 September 1986, Geneva) the USSR, the German Democratic Republic and the Hungarian People's Republic proposed to develop and adopt the Protocol as an addition to the BTWC. This document was supposed to establish general provisions, definitions of terms, lists of agents and toxins, lists of equipment that was present or used at production facilities, threshold quantities of biological agents designed to assess means and methods of protection. The proposed verification mechanism was based on three «pillars»: initial declarations with the basic information about the capabilities of each State Party; inspections to assess the reliability of the declarations; investigations to verify and confirm or not confirm the alleged non-compliance with the Convention. The verification regime was to be under the control of an international organization – the Organization for the Prohibition of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons. However, the US military and pharmaceutical companies opposed the idea of international inspections. The then US Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security, John Robert Bolton II, played a special role in blocking the Protocol. During the Fifth Review Conference in December 2001, he demanded the termination of the Ad Hoc Group of Experts mandate for negotiations under the pretext that any international agreement would constrain US actions. The current situation with biological weapons control should not be left to chance. Measures to strengthen the BTWC should be developed, taking into account the new fundamental changes in dual-use biotechnology. It should be borne in mind, that the Protocol, developed in the 1990s, is outdated nowadays.

The Insane Jew

1900 ◽  
Vol 46 (195) ◽  
pp. 731-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecil F. Beadles
Keyword(s):  
Complete Analysis ◽  
The Subject

A complete analysis of the mentally-afflicted Jew is far too vast a subject to bring before this meeting, and any attempt to give you the entire result of my investigation into the subject would occupy far too much of your time.

scholarly journals New Income Tax Reliefs for Donations Made by Taxpayers for Purposes Related to Combating the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-138
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Ofiarski
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Legal Structure ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Tax Payers

Abstract In an effort to limit the effects of the COVID-19 epidemic determined by restrictions in economic activity and various areas of social activity, the catalogue of preventive actions was expanded by tax and legal instruments in the form of income tax reliefs inclining taxpayers to certain behaviours. The reliefs entitle taxpayers to deduct the value of donations made for the purposes of counteracting COVID-19 from the tax base. Two types of such donations have been distinguished, i.e., donations for entities participating in the treatment of infected persons and donations for educational institutions providing remote education. The aim of this article is to establish the premises justifying the claim that the tax reliefs for donations made by income tax payers are autonomous in relation to other tax preferences available to taxpayers making donations for other socially useful purposes. The hypothesis about the ad hoc and temporary nature of these tax reliefs has been verified as true, and the dominance of the motivating and stimulating function over their fiscal function has been demonstrated. Symmetrical solutions have been identified in the legal structure of the subject tax reliefs, as the donor uses a deduction from the tax base, while the recipient does not include the accepted donation in their income. The study uses the legal-dogmatic method and, in addition, the empirical analytical method to present the jurisprudence of courts in the field of applying tax reliefs due to donations made by income tax payers.

International Environmental Law-Making1

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharat H. Desai
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Scientific Uncertainty ◽  
International Environmental Law ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Political Realities ◽  
Law Making

The article seeks to make a modest effort in making sense of the international environmental law-making process. It comprises the subtle normative process currently at work, including ‘global conferencing’ technique resorted to by the UN General Assembly, how it draws upon the basic legal underpinnings of international law, the unique treaty-making enterprise at work, and what this enormous legal churning process portends for the protection of the global environment at this critical time of perplexity in the Anthropocene epoch. It calls for taking serious cognizance of mass destruction of plant and animal species, heavy pollution of fresh water resources, choking of the oceans with plastic and other litter, and alteration of the atmosphere, among other lasting impacts that imperil our only abode Earth. International environmental law-making process is ad hoc and piecemeal and is generally understood to be the product of a lack of a single, central specialized institution having expertise on the subject, scientific uncertainty on many environmental issues, and the hard-headed economic interests of sovereign states. Still, the international environmental law-making process with its inherent resilience could possibly be able to adapt to the vagaries of scientific assessments and the political realities of in the future.

Local Algorithms for Topology Control in Ad-Hoc Networks

2010 ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
Evangelos Kranakis ◽  
Jorge Urrutia
Keyword(s):  
Topology Control ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Edge Coloring ◽  
Dominating Sets ◽  
Open Problems ◽  
Local Algorithms ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Local Topology

In this chapter, we present a survey of recent techniques for local topology control in location aware Unit Disk Graphs including local algorithms for Routing, Traversal, Planar Spanners, Dominating and Connected Dominating Sets, and Vertex and Edge Coloring. In addition to investigating trade-offs for these problems, we discuss open problems that will play an important role in the future development of the subject.

Some Recent Developments in the Design of Rigid Airships

1927 ◽  
Vol 31 (203) ◽  
pp. 1029-1036
Author(s):  
W. T. Sandford
Keyword(s):  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Commercial System ◽  
Express Train ◽  
Ocean Liner ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Safety And Reliability ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Minimum Ratio ◽  
Horse Power

This paper is primarily intended to stimulate discussion on a subject of increasing interest to aeronautical students and of rapidly growing interest to commercial aeronautics. It must not by any means, therefore, be looked upon as a complete analysis of the subject, but rather as an introduction to the most important questions arising in recent development.In considering this question we must first define the particular requirements of the large rigid airship. The airship must be looked upon with regard to the aeroplane rather as the ocean liner is looked upon with regard to the express train and not in any sense as a rival of the aeroplane. They each have their own distinctive duty.Any commercial system depends upon safety and reliability. The airship designer has, therefore, the problem of making a structure safe under any conditions of flight and having a minimum ratio of structural weight to useful weight per horse-power.

scholarly journals Farfalle diurne e incendi: indagine in foreste lombarde (Lepidoptera Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea)

2012 ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
Giampio D’Amico
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Sono State ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Ecological Value ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Sørensen Index ◽  
New Habitats

Riassunto - La risposta dei lepidotteri diurni agli effetti del fuoco è estremamente variabile. Per approfondire le attuali conoscenze sull’argomento in italia sono state indagate 5 aree boscate lombarde collinari o montane percorse dal fuoco. La ricchezza in specie di farfalle diurne e la loro abbondanza relativa sono state registrate nel corso di campionamenti condotti mensilmente tra giugno e agosto 2000 lungo due transetti campione limitrofi in ogni area oggetto di studio: uno danneggiato dal fuoco e l’altro (di controllo) mai o poco interessato dall’incendio. Per ogni specie rilevata sono state prese in considerazione le preferenze di habitat. Dalla ricerca è emerso sostanzialmente che in aree boscate di non elevato pregio naturalistico, come quelle indagate, l’azione del fuoco può costituire un pericolo reale per specie nemorali e non comuni (es. Lasiommata achine, Limenitis populi), mentre può originare ambienti nuovi per specie non esclusivamente forestali o comunque svantaggiate dall’infittirsi dei boschi (Leptidea sinapis, Melitaea athalia), finendo quindi per costituire in alcuni casi un elemento di arricchimento delle popolazioni di farfalle diurne locali, anche se limitato per lo più a specie di ambienti transitori di interesse conservazionistico non particolarmente elevato. L’utilizzo dell’indice di Sørensen per valutare la somiglianza specifica tra ambiente incendiato e di controllo non ha fornito risultati significativi. interventi di gestione post-incendio in aree forestali come quelle oggetto di studio, oltre a tener presente considerazioni di ordine generale sulle cause di minaccia dei lepidotteri diurni in italia, si dovrebbero basare sui risultati di ulteriori indagini di cui vengono indicate le modalità eventualmente da adottare a partire dal quadro conoscitivo iniziale fornito dalla presente ricerca.Abstract - Butterflies and fires: a survey in forests of Lombardy (Lepidoptera Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea). The response of butterflies to the effects of fire is extremely variable. in order to improve the state-of-the-art knowledge on the subject in Italy, five wooded areas interested by fire in the region of Lombardy (Northern italy) have been investigated. Butterfly richness and relative abundance have been recorded through monthly surveys carried out between June and August 2000. For each area, two neighboring transects have been analyzed, respectively damaged and not damaged by fire. The latter was used as a reference for comparison. The habitat preferences have been analyzed for each sampled species. Results show that the action of fire can work as a real danger for nemoral and non common species (e.g., Lasiommata achine, Limenitis populi) in wooded areas of poor ecological value. on the other hand, fire can create new habitats for species which are not exclusively nemoral or - more generally- for butterflies which need open habitats and cannot colonyze forests (e.g., Leptidea sinapis, Melitaea athalia). The Sørensen index has also been used to evaluate the specific similarities between the investigated areas, but it has not given significant results. The findings of this research can be used to plan ad-hoc post-fire management actions in forestal areas as a complement to the general considerations on the causes of threat of diurnal Lepidoptera in italy.

The Influence of the Nature of Material and of Mental Operations on the Occurrence of the Bizarreness Effect

1988 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesare Cornoldi ◽  
Adele Cavedon ◽  
Rossana De Beni ◽  
Alvaro Pra Baldi
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Bizarreness Effect ◽  
Memory Advantage ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Common Items ◽  
Generation Procedure

In the literature, a memory advantage for bizarre items over common ones has been found only in a few studies, especially with materials prepared ad hoc by the experimenter and with free recall rather than cued recall tests. These results contrast with the widespread conviction that bizarreness helps recall. The present paper explores the role of some variables involved in the “bizarreness” effect: (1) It examines the typical self-generation procedure in which the subject is asked to create an interaction between a pair of nouns, as well as the case in which only one noun is given. Higher freedom in generating sentences appears to correspond to higher free recall of bizarre items. (2) It is shown that bizarre items must be distinguished from “unusual” ones, which have different effects on memory. (3) By contrasting groups instructed to use either imagery or verbal elaboration, it is shown that the bizarreness effect is linked to the use of imagery. Instructions to use imagery without the possibility of creating bizarre representations do not improve the recall of common items. (4) The classification of parts of sentences generated reveals that, under common instructions, one subject's choice of verb and noun is more likely to be shared by other subjects. This fact may explain the different effects found by previous research in cued and free recall. (5) The overestimation of the recallability of bizarre items appears less evident than in previous research, probably because subjects had direct experience of the difficulties met in generating bizarre images.

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