The Influence of the Nature of Material and of Mental Operations on the Occurrence of the Bizarreness Effect

1988 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesare Cornoldi ◽  
Adele Cavedon ◽  
Rossana De Beni ◽  
Alvaro Pra Baldi
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Bizarreness Effect ◽  
Memory Advantage ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Common Items ◽  
Generation Procedure

In the literature, a memory advantage for bizarre items over common ones has been found only in a few studies, especially with materials prepared ad hoc by the experimenter and with free recall rather than cued recall tests. These results contrast with the widespread conviction that bizarreness helps recall. The present paper explores the role of some variables involved in the “bizarreness” effect: (1) It examines the typical self-generation procedure in which the subject is asked to create an interaction between a pair of nouns, as well as the case in which only one noun is given. Higher freedom in generating sentences appears to correspond to higher free recall of bizarre items. (2) It is shown that bizarre items must be distinguished from “unusual” ones, which have different effects on memory. (3) By contrasting groups instructed to use either imagery or verbal elaboration, it is shown that the bizarreness effect is linked to the use of imagery. Instructions to use imagery without the possibility of creating bizarre representations do not improve the recall of common items. (4) The classification of parts of sentences generated reveals that, under common instructions, one subject's choice of verb and noun is more likely to be shared by other subjects. This fact may explain the different effects found by previous research in cued and free recall. (5) The overestimation of the recallability of bizarre items appears less evident than in previous research, probably because subjects had direct experience of the difficulties met in generating bizarre images.

scholarly journals On the Cognitive Foundation of Lexical Classification of the Subject World

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-75
Author(s):  
Alexey D. Koshelev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Cognition ◽  
Language Of Thought ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
Human Ability ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Lexical Classification

The paper presents a language of thought (a set of cognitive units and relations) used to provide non-verbal definitions for the following five concepts: ARMCHAIR, MUG, RAVINE, LAKE, TREE. These definitions make it possible to describe concepts on two levels of specificity. On the first level, a concept is presented as a holistic cognitive unit. On the second, more specific, level, the same concept is viewed as a partitive system, i.e. a hierarchical system of its parts, the latter being smaller concepts into which the original holistic unit is decomposed. A hypothesis is advanced that such structure is inherent to all visible objects. The partitive system is argued to play a major role in human cognition. It, first, provides for an in-depth understanding of the perceived objects through understanding the role of their parts, and, second, underlies the formation of the hierarchy of concepts with respect to their generality. Besides, it can be considered as one of the defining properties of the human species as it accounts for the human ability to purposefully change the world.

scholarly journals Cystic renal diseases: role of ultrasound. Part II, genetic cystic renal diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnan Kabaalioglu ◽  
Nesrin Gunduz ◽  
Ayse Keven ◽  
Emel Durmaz ◽  
Mine Aslan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Cysts ◽  
The Other ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Intravenous Contrast ◽  
Pictorial Essay ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Key Features

Kidney cysts are quite common in adults. Though small simple renal cysts in an adult over 30-40 years of age are not too unusual, however, if the same cysts are seen in a child, and especially if there are additional findings, then several diagnostic possibilities may come to mind. The role of ultrasound, together with the help of intravenous contrast agents and Doppler mode, are very critical in describing the morphologic features and follow-up of the complex or multiple and bilateral renal cysts. These sonographic signs are occasionally specific for diagnosis, but in many cases sonographic clues should be evaluated together with the other genetic and clinical data to reach diagnosis.The first part of this pictorial essay included the introduction into the subject and the classification of non-genetic cystic renal diseases. The key features for the non-genetic cystic renal diseases are illustrated. In the second part, eye-catching features of genetic cystic renal diseases are demonstrated.

scholarly journals Four Species of Reflexivity and History of Economics in Economic Policy Science

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Schliesser
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Policy Science ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of Economics ◽  
Economics Profession ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Cost

Abstract This paper argues that history of economics has a fruitful, underappreciated role to play in the development of economics, especially when understood as a policy science. This goes against the grain of the last half century during which economics, which has undergone a formal revolution, has distanced itself from its ‘literary’ past and practices precisely with the aim to be a more successful policy science. The paper motivates the thesis by identifying and distinguishing four kinds of reflexivity in economics. The main thesis of this paper is that because these forms of reflexivity are not eliminable, the history of economics must play a constitutive role in economics (and graduate education within economics). An assumption that I clarify in this paper is that the history of economics ought to be part of the subject matter studied by economics when they are interested in policy science. Even if one does not accept the conclusion, the fourfold classification of reflexivity might hold independent interest. The paper is divided in two parts. First, by reflecting on the writings of George Stigler, Paul Samuelson, George and Milton Friedman, I offer a stylized historical introduction to and conceptualization of the themes of this paper. In particular, I identify various historically influential arguments and strategies that reduced the role of history of economics within the economics discipline. In it I also canvass six arguments that try to capture the cost to economics (understood as a science) for sidelining the history of economics from within the discipline. A sub-text of the introduction is that for contingent reasons, post World War II economics evolved into a policy science. Second, by drawing on the work of Kenneth Boulding, in particular, George Soros, Thomas Merton, Gordon Tullock, I distinguish between four species of reflexivity. These are used to then strengthen the argument for the constitutive role of the history of economics within the economics profession. In particular, I argue that so-called Kuhn-losses are especially pernicious when faced with policy choices under so-called Knightian uncertainty.

Psychopatic Traits in Interpersonal Relation

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (35) ◽  
pp. 9-36
Author(s):  
Wojciech Czajkowski ◽  
Patryk Pokornicki
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Relation ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Interpersonal Relation ◽  
Negative Role ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

The subject of interest in the presented text is the possible relationship between a number of personality traits of the individual and its functioning in social relation. Dealing with the psychopathic features of personality and their importance in social relations, the authors pay attention to psychopathy, as well as narcissistic features and Machiavellianism in individual’s activity. These three traits since the beginning of the 21st century have aroused vivid interest of researchers and therapists attempting empirical verification of hypotheses in this area. It is also worth indicating. The above-mentioned categories of behavior form the dark triad of personality. Researchers draw our attention to clinical interpretations regarding diagnostic criteria enabling the recognition of psychopathic features and the broader dark triad. This sometimes carry on to referring to the concept of sub-clinical psychopathy that does not meet the diagnostic criteria used in the classification of mental disorders. The authors also try to interpret the negative role of these features in social relations.

scholarly journals The Role of Indonesian Constitutional Court in Resolving Disputes among the State Organs

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Iwan Satriawan ◽  
Khairil Azmin Mokhtar
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
The State ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Legal Standing ◽  
The Subject

The paper attempts to assess the role of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia in the process of consolidating democracy in the country. Examinations are made on the court’s decisions regarding dispute concerning jurisdiction among state organs. This paper argues that the Constitutional Court has not made a significant impact on the promotion of democracy. It is believed that the failure of the Court to consolidate democracy through its decisions regarding dispute concerning jurisdiction among state organs could be attributed to two main reasons. The first is due to the unclear concept of subjectum litis of the petitioners to have legal standing in the Constitutional Court, and the second is the lack of understanding of the subject matter jurisdiction of the Court. Due to uncertainties only, small numbers cases registered and heard by the Constitutional Court. Furthermore, most of the cases registered in the Court either been rejected or not been accepted by the judges. Despite the misgivings, the Court is still relevant and have certain contributions towards democracy. It has to a certain extent that enhances the working of checks and balances mechanisms among state organs. It is believed that the court could be more reliable and enhance its function in promoting democracy in the country by defining clearly classification of the subjectum litis as well as the objectum litis of the dispute that it may hear.

scholarly journals The influence of phraseological material on the motivation for learning foreign languages

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 169-173
Author(s):  
Rano Akhmedova Ashurovna
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Effective Learning ◽  
Motivation For Learning ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact

This article discusses the study of phraseology and the impact of phraseological material on the motivation for learning foreign languages, improving vocabulary of learners, identifying differences and features of cultures of different nations. The study of the influence of phraseological material on motivation is necessary to identify the role of phraseological turns in the process of teaching foreign languages.  Therefore, the subject of our research will be the process of mastering phraseological units.  Since this is of great importance for the methodological base of the school.  In our time, knowledge of one or several foreign languages ​​is necessary and prestigious.  There are many methods of accelerated, but not always effective learning of foreign languages.  Therefore, it is necessary that the level of teaching foreign languages ​​at school increases, and for this, new teaching methods should be sought.  The study of phraseological units maintains interest in the study of foreign languages.  It follows that motivation will increase and become stronger if we introduce such elements as phraseological phrases, proverbs and sayings. Moreover, the article explains the main classification of phraseological units in order to use them correctly in speech.

scholarly journals THE OBJECT OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENSE IN THE QUALIFICATION AND SYSTEMATISATION OF DOMESTIC ADMINISTRATIVE-TORT LEGISLATION ON ROAD TRANSPORT

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
Alona Nefedova ◽  
Tatiana Shyrmova
Keyword(s):  
Road Transport ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The Road ◽  
Single Vision ◽  
Special Part ◽  
Legislative Proposals ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Additional Object

The article deals with the subject of administrative misconduct in road transport and its role in the rulemaking and enforcement activities. The basic doctrinal approaches to understanding the object of administrative misconduct in road transport are summarized. It is concluded that there is no single vision of their nature and content in domestic administrative law. The necessity to harmonize scientific positions and develop a unified concept of the object of administrative misconduct (including administrative misconduct in road transport) at all levels of its generalization and objectification is substantiated. On the basis of the analysis of modern scientific researches and the current administrativetort legislation the classification of objects of administrative offenses in the road transport is made. The author’s definitions of the concepts of general, generic, species and direct object of administrative offenses in road transport are formulated. Their actual content is specified. The essence of the main and additional object of administrative misconduct is revealed. The polysubjectiveness of the majority of administrative offenses in the road transport is ascertained. The role of the object of administrative misconduct in the structuring and systematization of domestic administrative-tort legislation is investigated. It is determined that the generic object of administrative misconduct is the main criterion for the division of the Special part of the Code of Administrative Offenses into separate Chapters. Topical issues of legal regulation of administrative-tort relations in road transport are highlighted. A set of legislative proposals aimed at harmonizing the structure of the Code of Administrative Offenses, in particular, regarding the regulation of liability for administrative offenses in road transport, has been elaborated.

scholarly journals The concept and framework for assessing competitiveness of tourism cluster

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-68
Author(s):  
Ani Gagikovna Arakelyan ◽  
Arsen Rafikovich Simonyan
Keyword(s):  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Assessment Framework ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Organizational Relations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Tourism Services

The subject of this research is the economic and organizational relations regarding the formation and assessment of competitiveness of tourism cluster, as well as correlation between the level of competitiveness and various trajectories and stages of the lifecycle of tourism clusters. The object of this research is the tourism sector of economy and its separate enterprises unified by specific relations into the cluster territorial-industrial formations. The article employs the works of Russian and foreign experts in the area of economics and management of tourism sector of the economy. The scientific novelty is substantiated by gain of knowledge on the content, maintenance, assessment, and role of the economic category of “competitiveness of tourism cluster”, including the formulated definition of this concept, its components, elaboration of assessment framework and classification of the criteria of competitiveness of tourism cluster, as well as methodology for determination of lifecycle stages and trajectories in development of tourism cluster. The acquired results are of theoretical importance as a reference point for further research and possibility of practical implementation as an instrument for development management of tourism sector of the economy. The presented materials can be used in the development of tourism services online platform based on digital technologies.

scholarly journals The Great Depression in the Eyes of the Silesian Christian Democrats

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-351
Author(s):  
Barbara Danowska-Prokop
Keyword(s):  
Great Depression ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Christian Democracy ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Economic Program ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Political Groups

Abstract Goal – The great depression forced changes in the economic program of the Christian Democracy (Silesian Christian Democrats). Indicating the exceptional role of the Upper Silesian heavy industry in the economic potential of the Second Polish Republic, the program emerged from the criticism of the Sanation (Sanacja in Polish) program of surviving the crisis. Research method – The study analyzes archival sources and literature on the subject, as well as statistical data. Results – In the years of the great depression, official state authorities, as well as individual political groups formulated their own programs for overcoming the economic difficulties that were faced. Christian Democracy was one of these groups, but its program to combat the crisis was limited only to ad hoc measures aimed at mitigating the negative effects of the crisis. The activists of the Silesian Christian Democrats did not properly interpret the sources of economic difficulties, as they did not understand the core of the problem.

scholarly journals Sexual selection and magic traits in speciation with gene flow

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 510-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria R. Servedio ◽  
Michael Kopp
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Magic Traits

Abstract The extent to which sexual selection is involved in speciation with gene flow remains an open question and the subject of much research. Here, we propose that some insight can be gained from considering the concept of magic traits (i.e., traits involved in both reproductive isolation and ecological divergence). Both magic traits and other, “non-magic”, traits can contribute to speciation via a number of specific mechanisms. We argue that many of these mechanisms are likely to differ widely in the extent to which they involve sexual selection. Furthermore, in some cases where sexual selection is present, it may be prone to inhibit rather than drive speciation. Finally, there are a priori reasons to believe that certain categories of traits are much more effective than others in driving speciation. The combination of these points suggests a classification of traits that may shed light on the broader role of sexual selection in speciation with gene flow. In particular, we suggest that sexual selection can act as a driver of speciation in some scenarios, but may play a negligible role in potentially common categories of magic traits, and may be likely to inhibit speciation in common categories of non-magic traits.

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