„Ist es B2-Niveau genug?“

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Wisniewski
Keyword(s):  
Reading Process ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
Proficiency Levels ◽  
German Word ◽  
Learner Corpora ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Beginning Learners

Abstract This contribution focuses on the use of the multifunctional German word form es in the learner corpora MERLIN and DISKO (1,452 texts; 3,700 manually annotated occurrences of es). These corpora cover a wide proficiency range (A1-C1), and they include an L1 control group. Due to its multiple functions, using es is assumed to be challenging for learners. After laying out its main functional features, this paper first addresses the question of whether the frequency patterns of es actually differ between L1 und L2 texts, which is shown to be true only for beginning learners, and whether differences related to learners’ L1 can be observed, which seems to be the case. Secondly, the study links the emerging use of different es types and their relative frequencies to CEFR proficiency levels. A third focus regards the accuracy of es usage, which is generally high but differs among the various es functions, with anaphoric es presenting the greatest challenge for learners. A closer look at interlanguage structures reveals that learners often omit compulsory es and that they use redundant es in peculiar syntactic slots. Furthermore, the use of anaphoric es without clear textual reference regularly encumbers the reading process of the texts.

scholarly journals Functional features of innate immunity in the development of postpericardiotomy syndrome in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 71-79
Author(s):  
I. F. Shlyk ◽  
L. P. Sizyakina ◽  
R. V. Sidorov ◽  
S. V. Shlyk
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Coronary Artery Bypass ◽  
Artery Bypass ◽  
Bypass Graft ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Natural Killers ◽  
Postpericardiotomy Syndrome ◽  
Group I ◽  
Functional Features

Objective: to study the functional characteristics of innate immunity in the formation of postpericardial syndrome (PPS) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft ing (CABG).Materials and methods: the study involved 60 people, 40 of them made up the main group of patients with coronary artery disease, which retrospectively aft er 1 month of observation was divided into 2 groups. Group I CABG and PPS, group II CABG without PPS. The control group consisted of 20 patients without IHD. Before surgery, aft er 5, 14 days and 1 month, the expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2, 4, 9, the content of CD16+ and Granzyme B lymphocytes, the HCT test and serum α-defensin were evaluated in blood cells. Statistical analysis of the results of the study was carried out using the program Statistica 12.0 (StatSoft , USA). The difference in mean values between groups was evaluated by the Mann-Whitney test. Statistical signifi cance was considered signifi cant at p ≤ 0.05.Results: when comparing the initial indices of the main groups and the control group, an increase in the expression of TLRs 2, 4, 9 was revealed. An increase in the content of CD16+, as well as an increase in the cytotoxic activity of natural killers and an increase in the production of α-defensin.Conclusions: on the basis of the study, activation of the cellular link of innate immunity, an increase in the cytotoxic potential of natural killers and a signifi cantly high level of α-defensin both before and aft er CABG were revealed, which can play an important role in the development of PPS. 

scholarly journals The structural and functional features of the microcirculatory bed in patients with arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Lohankova ◽  
Yu. V. Kotovskaya ◽  
A. S. Milto ◽  
Zh. D. Kobalava
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Microcirculatory Bed ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
Group A ◽  
Functional Features

The structural and functional features of the microcirculatory heel (MCB) were studied in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) in relation to the presence or absence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). Two hundred and twelve patients were examined. These included 110 patients with grades 1 and 2 arterial hypertension (AH) and type 2 DM, 82 patients with AH without type 2 DM, and 20 apparently healthy individuals. Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) was used to estimate basal blood flow, the loading test parameters characterizing the structural and functional status of MCB, and the incidence of hemodynamic types of microcirculation. Patients with AH concurrent with type 1 DM were found to have the following microcirculatory features: an increase in perfusion blood flow (microcirculation index, 8,8±1,8 perf. units versus 4,9±0,8 perf, units in patients with AH without DM and 6,7±0,9 perf. units in the control group), a drastic reduction in myogenic activity to 13,2±5,7 % versus 16,7±6,8 and 25,2±6,4 %, respectively, a decrease in vascular resistance, impairment of autoregulation, and low reserve capacities (reserve capillary blood flow was 197,8±31,6 % versus 429,9±82,01 % in the group of AH without DM and 302,8±50,1 % in the control group), a predominance of the hyperemic hemodynamic type (58,8 % in patients with AH and DM, 20,9 % in those with AH without DM, and 20,0 % in the controls). The specific features of the altered microcirculatory bed in patients with AH concurrent with type 2 DM were ascertained. These included the predominance of hyperemic microcirculation, impaired autoregulation. diminished microvascular resistance, and the low reserve capacities of the microcirculatory bed.

scholarly journals Tracking Syntactic Conflict between Languages over the Course of L2 Acquisition: A Cross-sectional Event-related Potential Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 822-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Mickan ◽  
Kristin Lemhöfer
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Control Group ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
Conflict Condition ◽  
Beginning Learners ◽  
L1 And L2

One challenge of learning a foreign language (L2) in adulthood is the mastery of syntactic structures that are implemented differently in L2 and one's native language (L1). Here, we asked how L2 speakers learn to process syntactic constructions that are in direct conflict between L1 and L2, in comparison to structures without such a conflict. To do so, we measured EEG during sentence reading in three groups of German learners of Dutch with different degrees of L2 experience (from 3 to more than 18 months of L2 immersion) as well as a control group of Dutch native speakers. They read grammatical and ungrammatical Dutch sentences that, in the conflict condition, contained a structure with opposing word orders in Dutch and German (sentence-final double infinitives) and, in the no-conflict condition, a structure for which word order is identical in Dutch and German (subordinate clause inversion). Results showed, first, that beginning learners showed N400-like signatures instead of the expected P600 for both types of violations, suggesting that, in the very early stages of learning, different neurocognitive processes are employed compared with native speakers, regardless of L1–L2 similarity. In contrast, both advanced and intermediate learners already showed native-like P600 signatures for the no-conflict sentences. However, their P600 signatures were significantly delayed in processing the conflicting structure, even though behavioral performance was on a native level for both these groups and structures. These findings suggest that L1–L2 word order conflicts clearly remain an obstacle to native-like processing, even for advanced L2 learners.

Gender agreement in L3 English by Basque/Spanish bilinguals

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ainara Imaz Agirre ◽  
María del Pilar García Mayo
Keyword(s):  
Head Noun ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Gender Agreement ◽  
Proficiency Levels ◽  
Oral Production ◽  
Attraction Effects ◽  
Nominal Agreement ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Spanish Bilinguals

This study investigates knowledge of the nominal agreement domain in L3 English by Basque/Spanish bilinguals. Gender agreement has been claimed to be an interpretable feature in English and could be claimed to be so for Basque, whereas Spanish shows uninterpretable gender agreement. Under current representational and computational accounts posited to explain variability in L2 learner production, interpretable features are acquirable. The participants in the present study (n=34) were Basque/Spanish bilinguals of two proficiency levels in English (intermediate and advanced) and a control group of English native speakers (n=17). They completed two oral production tasks (elicitation and picture narration tasks). Results from both tasks indicate that Basque/Spanish bilinguals seem to have acquired gender agreement in L3 English but still have production problems which could be explained on the basis of linguistic features (animacy) and gender attraction effects of the Spanish head noun as well as the different proficiency levels.

Lexical and discourse factors in the second language acquisition of Spanish word order

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammy Jandrey Hertel
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Advanced Learners ◽  
Spanish Word ◽  
Native Speakers Of English ◽  
Beginning Learners

This study investigates the acquisition of Spanish word order by native speakers of English. Specifically, it considers the development of sensitivity to the distinct interpretations of subject-verb (SV) vs. verb-subject (VS) order, as determined by lexical verb class (unaccusative and unergative verbs) and discourse structure.Participants included a native speaker control group and learners at four proficiency levels. Results from a contextualized production task indicate that beginning learners transferred the SV order of English for all structures. Intermediate learners showed a gradual increase in the production of lexically and discourse-determined inversion, although their data was also characterized by indeterminacy and variability. The advanced learners demonstrated a sensitivity to the word order effects of unaccusativity and discourse factors, but also tended to overgeneralize inversion to unergative verbs in a neutral discourse context.

scholarly journals P039 New molecular markers of the development of ulcerative colitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S151-S151
Author(s):  
A A Iakovlev ◽  
A Volkov ◽  
G Tarasova ◽  
A Zubova
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Molecular Interactions ◽  
Small Heat Shock Protein ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Moderate Activity ◽  
Colon Mucosa ◽  
Active Stage ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Specific Regulation

Abstract Background The mechanisms of ulcerative colitis (UC) progression require detailed study. Modern achievements of proteomic methods of analysis are ideal for research that is free from hypotheses and allows us to define molecular characteristics of inflammation in colon mucosa of UC patients. Methods The study was comparative cohort with parallel design and included 88 patients (range from 22 to 35 years, 37 men and 51 women): 53 (60.2%) pancolitis and 35 (39.8%) left-sided UC, mild and moderate activity. The control group included 30 healthy individuals. Biosamples of colon mucosa in patients with UC in the active stage and in healthy persons were received by ileocolonoscopy with colon mucosa biopsy. The separation of individual proteins of colon mucosa was based on technologies of IEF, SDS-PAGE, 2DPAGE, by standard sets (MB-HIC C8 Kit, MB-IMAC Cu, MB-Wax Kit, «Bruker», USA). Automated mass spectrometry imaging was performed by MALDI-TOF-MS/MS, Ultraflex II, «Bruker», USA). The data of the molecular interactions and functional features of proteins were received with STRING 10.0 database. Results We identified following functional groups of peptides and proteins in molecular patterns of colon mucosa in UC patients: SMAD family member 2 (SMAD2) activates the transcription of TFG1β, that leads to specific regulation of the CCN2 gene in cells and the development of fibrosis in colon submucosa in UC patients; the stimulation of the expression of apoС-III in affected colon mucosa in UC is associated with the activation of the FOXO1 signaling pathway that supports inflammatory processes in colon mucosa; the second small heat shock protein (HSP2) controls the apoptosis of colonocytes, is also responsible for the mucosa resistance to therapeutic strategies; caspase 8 protects colonocytes from TNFα-induced cell death through a necroptosis mechanism via the blockade of the RIP3 expression; the expression of prohibitin maintains optimal activity of the electronic transport chain through the activity of transcription factor STAT3 and the decrease in the TNFα expression; significant decrease of the PPARγ expression promotes the activation of STAT and AP-1 signaling pathways, which promotes the activity of immune and inflamation processes in colon mucosa and a significant increase in the NF-kB expression in colon mucosa is associated with the activation of TNFα and IL-1, which promotes the increase of immune processes in colon mucosa. Conclusion Bioinformatics analysis revealed the presence of molecules that are the participants in the universal pathways of UC in the active stage, and the molecular interactions involved. This information may provide new avenues for the development of novel diagnostic tests for UC.

scholarly journals Morphological features of pancreatic endocrinicytes in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving the incretin mimetic therapy of different duration

2020 ◽  
pp. 117-125
Author(s):  
Т.П. Тучина ◽  
О.В. Рогоза ◽  
К.П. Скотникова ◽  
Д.А. Лебедев ◽  
Р.В. Грозов ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Incretin Mimetics ◽  
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Functional Features

Группа препаратов, основанных на инкретиновых эффектах (аналоги глюкагоноподобного пептида-1 аГПП1) и ингибиторы дипептидилпептидазы-4, иДПП4), обладают способностью увеличивать репликацию β -клеток и ингибировать апоптоз. Инкретиномиметики способны влиять на функцию α-клеток, восстанавливая физиологическую регуляцию уровня глюкагона. При этом эффекты инкретиномиметиков на пролиферацию/апоптоз α-клеток изучены недостаточно. В единичных исследованиях отмечено увеличение пролиферации α-клеток, но факторы, определяющие выраженность этих изменений, не установлены. Цель - оценка влияния терапии инкретиномиметиками разной продолжительности на морфологические и функциональные особенности α- и β-клеток поджелудочной железы крыс (12 мес) с сахарным диабетом 2-го типа (СД 2-го типа). Методика. У крыс (возраст 12 мес), находящихся на высокожировой диете, моделировали стрептозотоцин-никотинамид-индуцированный СД 2-го типа. Животные получали инкретиномиметки: агонист рецепторов ГПП1 (лираглутид) или ингибитор ДПП4 (вилдаглиптин) в течение 4,10 и 24 нед. Макроскопически оценивали наличие/отсутствие видимых изменений поджелудочной железы. Парафиновые срезы поджелудочной железы окрашивали гематоксилином и эозином для оценки микроструктуры ткани. Проводили иммуногистохимическое (ИГХ) исследование с применением антител (Abcam) к глюкагону, инсулину в аппарате для ИГХ «Thermo Autostainer 720». После процедуры ИГХ ядра доокрашивали гематоксилином в аппарате для окраски гистологических микропрепаратов LeicaST5020. Результаты. Показано, что без лечения сахарный диабет приводил к снижению числа α- и β- клеток на всех сроках наблюдения. Лечение диабета лираглутидом и вилдаглиптином приводило к восстановлению пула как α-, так и β- клеток. При сравнении групп, получавших терапию и без терапии, с группой контроля значимые отличия сохранялись по количеству как α-, так и β-клеток во все сроки наблюдения. Через 4 нед в группах, получавших лираглутид, количество α-клеток стало сопоставимым с таковым в группе контроля, но количество β-клеток оставалось сниженным. После 10 и 24 нед терапии статистически значимой разницы между группой контроля и животными, получавшими терапию лиралутидом, по количеству как β-, так и α- клеток не выявлено. Заключение. Полученные данные свидетельствуют в пользу того, что терапия инкретиномиметиками способствует восстановлению пула как α-, так и β-клеток поджелудочной железы. Drugs based on incretin effects, including analogs of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4), increase replication and inhibit apoptosis of β-cells. Incretin mimetics can influence the function of α-cells thereby restoring physiological regulation of glucagon. However, effects of incretin mimetics on proliferation and apoptosis of α-cells are understudied. A few studies reported increased α-cell proliferation, but the factors determining the degree of these changes were not established. Aim. To evaluate the effect of incretin mimetic treatment of different duration on morphological and functional features of pancreatic α- and β-cells of 12-month-old rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method. Streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus was modeled in 12-month-old rats receiving a high-fat diet. The rats were treated with incretin mimetics, a GLP-1 receptor antagonist (Liraglutide) or a DPP-4 inhibitor (Vildagliptin) for 4, 10 or 24 weeks. Paraffin sections of the pancreas were stained with hematoxylin-eosin to evaluate the tissue microstructure. An immunohistochemical (IHC) study was performed using glucagon and insulin antibodies (Abcam) with a Thermo Autostainer 720 IHC instrument. After the IHC procedure, nuclei were additionally stained with hematoxylin using a Leica ST5020 stainer for histological micropreparations. Results. Untreated diabetes mellitus resulted in decreased numbers of α- and β-cells at all timepoints of observation. The treatments with Liraglutide and Vildagliptin recovered the pools of α- and β-cells. Significant differences of both treated and untreated diabetic groups from the control group in the number of α- and β-cells remained at all timepoints of observation. In the Liraglutide group at 4 weeks, the number of α-cells became comparable with the control group, but the number of β-cells remained lower. At 10 and 24 weeks of treatment, statistically significant differences between the control group and the Liraglutide or Vildagliptin treatment groups in the number of α- and β-cells were not observed. Conclusion. The results of the study suggested that the incretin mimetic therapy provided recovery of both α and β-cell pools in the pancreas.

scholarly journals INDIRECT SELECTION OF FEMALE TROUT AS A SELECTION METHOD TO INCREASE THEIR PRODUCTIVITY AND RESISTANCE

2020 ◽  
pp. 180-186
Author(s):  
I.N. Agleev ◽  
◽  
А.V. Bushov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Indirect Selection ◽  
Selection Method ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oxygen Absorption ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Selection Of

The scientific work considers the selection method of selection in a herd of producers of rainbow trout Kamloops, taking into account values of positive correlation of some morphometric characteristics and degree of development of their reproductive products, as well as the features of natural protective functions of their body at the age of three. It is established that the somatic structure and, development of postorbital region largely determine the functional features of trout, as well as their reproductive qualities. In the indirect selection of three-year-old breeders, taking into account morphometry and correlation, females with a size of postorbital head region greater than 55 mm exceeded by 29.2% the live weight and by 40.4% the weight of trout caviar with a length of this head region less than 55 mm. When comparing the resistance of two experimental groups of three-year-old breeder flock, certain differences in immune proteins and hemoglobin content in blood were revealed. Note that in the selected group of fish, a large degree of saturation of red blood cells with hemoglobin is observed, which indicates increased share of oxygen absorption by the body, as well as the intensity of redox processes of metabolism. Indicators of serum proteins of trout in experimental groups vary ambiguously. So in the experimental group, producers had an average total protein in blood of 63.26 g / l, which is significantly 17.5% more than in the blood of fish in the control group. This can be explained by the relationship of the globulins with the immune status of fish of experimental group and its resistance by raising the level of globulin fraction, a high amount of Ig M` protein (by 42.9%) in the blood of trout in the experimental group suggests more aggressive immune system in these fish to viral, invasive and other infections, indicating improved adaptability of selected herds.

scholarly journals Impact of Timed Reading on Comprehension and Speed: A Study on Turkish EFL Learners

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 204
Author(s):  
Kiymet Selin Armagan ◽  
Zubeyde Sinem Genc
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Reading Fluency ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Reading Process ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
Good And Poor Readers ◽  
L1 And L2 ◽  
The Impact

Reading process has always been one of the most significant and debatable topics in the area of learning and teaching languages. Reading process in mother tongue (L1) and in a foreign language (L2), the association of these processes, variables affecting reading and the qualities of good and poor readers in L1 and L2 have been investigated greatly. Developments in the area of reading in L1 have frequently raised questions about reading in L2 and a variety of theories have been proposed to account for the relationship between L1 and L2 reading. One of the most fundamental questions raised is related to “reading fluency”. Even though the importance of reading fluency in both L1 and L2 has been emphasized, studies on fluency in L2 are still scarce if we think about its more complicated and multifaceted nature when compared to reading fluency in L1. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of timed reading practices on the comprehension level and reading speed of learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) in Turkish context. A total of 74 students were the participants, who were randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control group. Experimental group received timed reading activities while the control group did not. Pre-test was applied on the 1st week and post-test was applied on the 7th week. Results illustrated that timed reading intervention positively affected EFL students’ comprehension level and reading speed. Implications for teaching reading in a foreign language were discussed in relation to a number of important details in the findings.

Impaired resistance artery function in patients with end-stage renal disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 120 (12) ◽  
pp. 525-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natallia Luksha ◽  
Leanid Luksha ◽  
Juan Jesús Carrero ◽  
Folke Hammarqvist ◽  
Peter Stenvinkel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage Renal Disease ◽  
Nitrosative Stress ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Arterial Distensibility ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Esrd Patients

We investigated an effect of uraemia on structural and functional features of human resistance vasculature. Arteries (≈ 200 μm) isolated from subcutaneous fat biopsies obtained from 35 ESRD (end-stage renal disease) patients starting peritoneal dialysis and 30 matched controls were studied using isolated small artery bioassays. Flow-mediated dilatation was attenuated in ESRD patients compared with controls. NO (nitric oxide) contribution to flow was lacking in ESRD patients, but present in the controls. ADMA (asymmetrical dimethyl L-arginine) levels were higher in the ESRD group compared with the control group. Dilatation in response to acetylcholine was reduced in ESRD patients compared with controls, but response to NO donor was similar. Expression of nitrotyrosine and heat shock proteins 70 and 27, but not 90, was increased in arteries from ESRD patients compared with controls. Arterial remodelling was absent in ESRD patients. There was no difference between the groups in myogenic tone, vascular reactivity or sensitivity to several vasoconstrictors. Arterial distensibility, reflecting passive properties of the vascular wall, was reduced in ESRD patients compared with controls. Exclusion of ESRD patients with diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease from analyses had no influence on the main findings. Thus we propose that uraemia has a strong impact on endothelial function and passive properties of the arterial wall of human peripheral resistance vasculature. The reduced contribution of NO to flow stimulus via enhanced nitrosative stress and higher plasma concentrations of ADMA may suggest potential mechanisms behind endothelial dysfunction in the resistance peripheral circulation in ESRD.

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