Reisanbau und Reismarkt in Japan im Spannungsfeld zwischen Globalisierung, Ideologie und Nachhaltigkeit

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Winfried Flüchter
Keyword(s):  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Landscape History ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Symbolic Power ◽  
Rice Farming ◽  
Rice Culture ◽  
Rice Market ◽  
Structural Problems

Rice farming and the rice market in Japan between globalization, ideology and sustainability. Since the Uruguay Round of the GATT (1986-93) Japan has been under pressure to open its rice market. This is an enormous challenge for Japan’s „rice culture.” Rice has extraordinary symbolic power in Japan. It is considered an almost sacred phenomenon, the „backbone of the nation,” deeply embedded in the cultural landscape, history, society, economy and politics of the island empire. How are the Japanese responding to this challenge? What arguments are they advancing? How should these be assessed from the standpoint of trade liberalization, ideology, structural problems in agriculture and the principles of sustainability? What role do cultural factors play?

scholarly journals The Economics of Two-Tier Tariff-Rate Import Quotas in Agriculture

2000 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devry S. Boughner ◽  
Harry de Gorter ◽  
Ian M. Sheldon
Keyword(s):  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Nontariff Barriers ◽  
Alternative Trade ◽  
Second Tier ◽  
Agreement On Agriculture ◽  
Import Quotas

This paper analyzes the economics of two-tier tariff import quotas (TRQs) and implications of alternative trade liberalization scenarios. The Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture had tariffs replace nontariff barriers as the protective mechanism while quotas ensured minimum trade flows. Our framework isolates the effects of changes either in the second-tier tariff, and first-tier tariff, or the quota. We show how market conditions or relative policy instrument levels determine which tariff or quota affects trade and domestic and world prices. Whether or not exporting countries have been allocated export quotas and the procedures for the distribution of the rights to export and import also influences the efficiency of TRQs.

Effect for a Paddy Weeding Robot in Wet Rice Culture

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitoshi Sori ◽  
Hiroyuki Inoue ◽  
Hiroyuki Hatta ◽  
Yasuhiro Ando ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Paddy Field ◽  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Pulse Width ◽  
Pulse Width Modulation ◽  
Rice Seedling ◽  
Environmental Load ◽  
Rice Farming ◽  
Rice Culture

In recent years, wet rice farming that does not use chemical herbicides has come in demand owing to the diversified consumer needs, preference for pesticide-free produce, and need to reduce the environmental load. In this paper, we propose a “weeding robot” that can navigate autonomously while weeding a paddy field. The weeding robot removes the weeds by churning up the soil and inhibits the growth of the weeds by blocking-off sunlight. It has two wheels, whose rotational speed is controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) signals. Moreover, it has capacitive touch sensors to detect the rice plants and an azimuth sensor used when turning. To demonstrate its effect in wet rice culture, we conduct a navigation experiment using the proposed weeding robot in two types of paddy field: conventional and sparse planting. The experiment results demonstrate that the proposed weeding robot is effective in its herbicidal effect, promoting the rice seedling growth and increasing the crop yield.

scholarly journals La libéralisation des échanges mondiaux et le respect des règles fondamentales en matière sociale : un lien controversé (Note)

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-289
Author(s):  
Sophie Dufour
Keyword(s):  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Social Standards ◽  
The Social

At the end of the Uruguay Round talks, the social dimension to world trade liberalization is still a subject of sharp controversy. The question has come up time and again over the last fifty years, particularly in response to certain American initiatives. It never could provide common ground for the interests of all parties present on the international stage. The possibility of agreeing on its raison d'être has seemed, from that point on, impossibly vain. In a context of increasingly deeper economic integration, in which trade liberalization is not inconsequential to domestic industries, the seriousness of the worker protection issue is no longer debatable. The idea of linking the opening of markets to respect for certain basic social standards seems both unavoidable to some and unacceptable to others. The following article casts a retrospective look on the debates raised during the last few decades over what is now commonly called the "social clause".

China’s economic integration into global regulatory frameworks: A study of government procurement

2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill K.P. Chou
Keyword(s):  
Cost Saving ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
Government Procurement ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
Policy Elites

This paper examines the extent of China’s integration in the global economy and its ability to implement the WTO commitments by using government procurement as a case study. This paper argues that the domestic framework of government procurement has been gradually harmonized with the WTO commitments. Full implementation of the commitments has been constrained by several factors: policy elites consider government procurement to be a drive of cost saving and against corruption instead of a policy of spurring trade liberalization. There are still significant discrepancies between the domestic and international regulatory frameworks. Besides that, the implementation contradicts the policy priorities of local state actors on whom the policy of elites heavily depend for success. The Chinese government’s capacity in enforcing international agreements has further been undermined by the structural problems of the administration.

Preferential vs. multilateral trade liberalization: evidence and open questions

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
NUNO LIMÃO
Keyword(s):  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Preferential Trade Agreements ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Multilateral Trade Liberalization ◽  
Do So

All but one WTO member currently trade under one or more preferential trade agreements (PTAs). Despite the concern since the early 1990s that these agreements may be a stumbling block to multilateral trade liberalization (MTL) their numbers have risen at an increasing rate in the last 15 years. As preferential liberalization appears to become the rule rather than the exception, it is essential to ask whether there is evidence that it affects MTL. To do so we analyze recent empirical research that finds the US's and EU's PTAs were a stumbling block to their MTL in the Uruguay Round. We also propose new empirical work to answer more definitively whether PTAs are a stumbling block to worldwide MTL.

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