scholarly journals Die πανοπλία Gottes. Eph 6,11–17 als Reflexion der Belagerung einer Stadt

2015 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-64
Author(s):  
Nils Neumann

Abstract: The image of „God’s Armor“ in Eph 6,11–17 is modeled, on the one hand, after biblical traditions, taking formulations from the book of Isaiah (Isa 11,5; 52,7; 59,17). But on the other hand the author of Ephesians also adds some elements to the image that do not have any equivalents in Isaiah or other biblical texts. These extra elements in Ephesians are the sword, the shield, the mention of the military term πανοπλία („armor“), and the sandals. The naming of these additional items is based on first century knowledge about the equipment of a Roman legionnaire. As can be shown by comparison to descriptions of ancient Roman warfare in Josephus and Polybius, the wearer of God’s armor in Ephesians is figuratively positioned in a concrete battle situation, namely the siege of a town wall. The author of Eph 6,11–17 imagines the present life of the Christian community as a dramatic situation that can be compared to a battle. With the sword of God’s word in their hands the members of the Christian community are supposed to defend the wall of their fortress against the attacks of the forces of evil.

1970 ◽  
Vol 41 (116) ◽  
pp. 33-48
Author(s):  
Dennis Meyhoff Brink

DANTE’S LITERARY ATMOSPHEROLOGY | The article argues that recent theories on affect and atmosphere by, for instance, Teresa Brennan, Lauren Berlant, and Peter Sloterdijk, can enter into an extraordinarily fruitful interchange with Dante’s Divine Comedy. On the one hand, these theories can direct our attention to the hitherto overlooked atmospheric phenomena that occur ubiquitously in Dante’s Comedy and provide us with concepts that render them legible as products of human emissions. On the other hand, the numerous descriptions of different atmospheres in Dante’s Comedy can contribute to overcoming the lack of linguistic specifications and distinctions which – according to theorists such as Brian Massumi and Peter Sloterdijk – characterizes today’s Western understanding of affective atmospheres and impedes its ongoing theorization. Based on readings of a selected number of atmospheres in Dante’s Comedy, the article argues that the Comedy not only anticipated insights that were not articulated theoretically until the twentieth and twenty-first century, butalso makes up an exceptional encyclopedia of affective atmospheres that have not yet been examined, neither by Dante researchers, nor by theorists of affects and atmospheres. Therefore, both camps have much to learn from Dante’s literary atmospherology, which the article aims to make explicit.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2019, 21/4 (Volume 2019/issue 21/4) ◽  
pp. 75-94
Author(s):  
MARJAN HORVAT

The main theme of the paper is the Concept of Military Leadership in the Slovenian Armed Forces, which currently represents the highest substantive and guiding normative act in the field of military leadership in the Slovenian Armed Forces (hereinafter referred to as the SAF). Due to the enormous importance of this field in working with people and the aim of influencing the change of the concept, the paper analysed and compared the concepts of military leadership in other selected armed forces and looked for similarities and divergences, especially in two segments - substantive and normative. On the one hand, we have shown the substantive obsolescence and inadequate normative rank of the Concept of Military Leadership in the Slovenian Armed Forces and, on the other hand, the necessity of substantive updating with concrete proposals and arguments for the development of the Doctrine of Military Leadership in the SAF. Key words Leadership, armed forces, Concept of Military Leadership in the SAF


2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-147
Author(s):  
Gerd Theissen

It is a modern conviction that religion and emotion belong together. It would be an anachronism to presuppose a priori such a connection in pre-modern times. The article shows that the definition of religious experience as mysterium fascinosum et tremendum (R.Otto) is not anachronistic. Biblical texts express an emotional ambivalence of fear and joy when speaking on God. On the one hand, we may explain this ambivalence with the help of evolutionary psychology as part of the universal conditio humana; on the other hand, fear and joy are culturally and historically conditioned. The article gives a sketch of the history and diversity of these emotions in biblical texts and underlines the connection between emotions and rituals.


2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Bourgel

This article discusses two characteristics of the Jewish-Christian source inRecognitions1.27–71, namely its fierce opposition to sacrifices and its emphasis on the historical ties between the Jews and the land of Judea. There is reason to think that this document expresses the reaction of Jewish-Christians of Judaea to the disaster of the Bar-Kokhba uprising. On the one hand, they considered the military defeat and its consequences as a divine punishment for the rebels’ attempt to renew the sacrificial cult; and, on the other hand, they fought the paganisation of Judea by defending the historical right of the Jews to possess this land.


2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-82
Author(s):  
Tatjana Katic

The Islamisation of the population of two neighbouring regions south of Prizren, Gora and Opolje, occurred in varying degrees during the centuries-long rule of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans. In Gora, inhabited by the Slavic population, it was extremely slow, while in Opolje, inhabited by the Albanians, it was incomparably more intensive. This paper aims to elucidate, based on the analysis of the Ottoman 15th and 16th century cadastral registers, the factors that affected the rate of conversion to Islam among the inhabitants of these two former Serbian medieval counties (zupas), later Ottoman nahiyes. Among the most important are the highly developed church organisation in the region of Gora on the one hand, and on the other hand, the proximity of Prizren, the military and administrative centre of the Prizren Sanjak in which high ranking officials of Opolje origin operated.


Author(s):  
Т.К. САЛБИЕВ

В статье предлагается добавить к двум традиционно выделяемым этапам истори- ческого развития Нартиады еще один третий, предполагая, что наряду с родоплеменным и военно-демократическим в своей эволюции она проходит еще и через феодальный этап. С общефольклорной точки зрения они будут соответствовать трем следующим фазам: разрозненные сказания; циклы, образуемые вокруг главных героев; гиперциклизация / це- лостная эпопея. В результате получают иную интерпретацию не только сюжеты и мо- тивы эпопеи, представленные в ней персонажи, но и ее общее содержание, а также в ином свете предстает ее прагматика, то есть место и роль в традиционной культуре в целом. Основой для пересмотра общепринятой точки зрения является пока еще в полной мере не оцененное сообщение «Хронографа» (груз. «Жамтаагмцерели») – «Столетней летопи- си» XIV в. Содержащееся в памятнике отождествление аланской правящей династии с эпическим воинским родом Ахсартаггата позволяет рассматривать Нартиаду как своего рода «Книгу царей». Эпической фигурой, совместившей в своем образе мифологического и исторического царя, следует считать нарта Челахсартага. С одной стороны в его имени распознается связь с родоначальником воинского рода Ахсартага, представляющего мифо- логическую эпоху. С другой стороны, он носит титул исторического средневекового прави- теля Ас-Тархана. Благодаря имени его дочери (Бедуха), которое может рассматриваться как просторечный вариант имени Бурдухан, он может быть отождествлен с аланским царем XII в. Худданом. Сама эпопея в этом случае могла бы рассматриваться как средство легитимизации аланской правящей, то есть исторической, династии на власть. Участие царской династии в событиях эпопеи обеспечивало ей преемственную связь с мифологи- ческой эпохой, что и давало ей необходимое идеологическое обоснование господствующего положения в обществе. The article advances a proposition to add a third feudal stage to the two traditionally distinguished stages of the historical development of the Narts’ epic, suggesting that alongside with the tribal and military-democratic stages of its evolution it goes through the feudal one as well. From a point of view of general folklore, these will correspond to the following three phases: scattered legends – cycles formed around the main characters – hypercyclization / complete epics. As a result, not only the plots and motifs of the epic, the characters represented in it, but also its general content are reconsidered, its pragmatics, i. e., its place and role in traditional culture as a whole are seen in a different light. The basis for the review of the generally accepted theory is a passage from the so-called “Chronograph” (Georgian “Zhamtaagmcereli”), or the “Hundred Year Anniversary” of the XIV century. The identification of the Alanian ruling dynasty with the epic military lineage of Axsærtæggatæ the mentioned work contains makes it possible to consider the Nart epic as a kind of “Book of Kings”. From this point of view, Nart Čelæxsærtæg should be regarded as a hero, in whose image the traits of mythological and historical kin are interwoven. On the one hand, his name recognizes the link with the ancestor of the military family Axsærtæg, representing the mythological era. On the other hand, he holds the title of the historical medieval ruler As-Tarxan. Thanks to the name of his daughter (Bedukha), which can be considered as a vernacular version of the name Burdukhan, he can be identified as Khuddan, the Alanian king of the XIIth c. In this case, the epic itself could be considered as a means of legitimizing the Alan ruling, that is, historical dynasty of power, which thus provided its continuity with the mythological epoch, giving it the necessary ideological basis for the dominant position in the society.


Author(s):  
Jeffrey G. Silcock

Luther does not develop a theology of hope because hope is not the central driver of his mature theology. Central for him is rather faith in the promise of God, which gives rise to hope as well as love. There are two sides to justification that correspond to the now/not-yet character of Luther’s eschatology. On the one hand, we are already righteous through the gift of Christ’s righteousness, which we have in spe but not yet in re. On the other hand, the hope of righteousness strengthens us against sin as we wait for the perfection of our righteousness in heaven. However, in the final analysis, the basis of our hope is not the incipient righteousness which has begun in us (in re) as we gradually grow in holiness and righteousness, but Christ’s own perfect righteousness which he imputes to us through faith (iustitia aliena). For hope can only be rock-solid if it is grounded not on anything within us, but on Christ alone. The early Luther has a very different view of things because, before 1518, he is still very much under the influence of Augustine, which means that justification is primarily a process that goes on within a person’s heart rather than, as in the later Luther, faith in God’s word of promise that comes to a person from outside and gives what it says. The dominant theological concept in Luther’s early work is the theology of humility, which is predicated on the view that God must first humble you and cause you to despair, before he can raise you up and give you hope. Since here faith is not yet oriented to the promise but defined by humility, it has to remain uncertain, as does hope. In the later Luther, on the other hand, faith gives rise to confidence and hope because it is firmly grounded in God’s word of promise, which is always reliable because God does what he says. With his faith firmly grounded in Christ, Luther knows that he can weather all the trials and struggles of life; in fact, he can even look forward to death, since for Christians death is but the door to life with God forever. For Luther, Christ is the only hope for a hopeless world. For him, this is not wishful thinking but is rock-solid because it is based on the promise of the crucified and risen Lord. This is also the basis of the Christian hope for eternal life in the presence of the Triune God, together with the renewed creation and all the hosts of heaven.


2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-385
Author(s):  
Matthew E. Gordley

Two trends in recent scholarship provide a new set of lenses that enable contemporary readers to appreciate more fully the contents and genre of Psalms of Solomon. On the one hand, scholars such as Richard Horsley, Anathea Portier-Young, and Adela Yarbro Collins have now explored the ways in which early Jewish writers engaged in a kind of compositional resistance as they grappled with their traditions in light of the realities of oppressive empires. These approaches enable us to consider the extent to which Psalms of Solomon also may embody a kind of resistant counterdiscourse for the community in which it was edited and preserved. On the other hand, scholars within biblical studies (e. g., Hugh Page) and beyond have examined the dynamics of the poetry of resistance. Such poetry has existed in many times, places, and cultures, giving a voice to the oppressed, protecting the memory of victims, and creating a compelling vision of a possible future in which the oppression is overcome. In this article the poetry of Guatemalan poet Julia Esquivel is interwoven with Psalms of Solomon to illustrate these dynamics and to illuminate the kinds of concerns that scholars like Barbara Harlow and Caolyn Forché have highlighted within the poetry of witness. Since Psalms of Solomon has yet to be explored through these dual lenses of resistance and resistance poetry, this article examines these early Jewish psalms in light of these scholarly trends. I argue that Psalms of Solomon can be understood as a kind of resistance poetry that enabled a community of Jews in the first century B. C. E. to resist the dominant discourse of both the Roman Empire and its client king, Herod the Great. The themes of history, identity, and possibility that pervade resistance poetry in other times and places are central features of Psalms of Solomon.


Food Fights ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 100-123
Author(s):  
Charles C. Ludington

On the one hand people like to say that “there is no accounting for taste.” On the other hand, people constantly make judgments about their own and other people’s taste (gustatory and aesthetic). Charles Ludington examines the taste for wine in eighteenth-century England and Scotland, and the taste for beer in twenty-first century America, to argue that taste can in fact be accounted for because it is a reflection of custom, “tribal” identity, gender, political beliefs, and conceptions of authenticity, which are mostly but not entirely conditioned by class status and aspirations. And rightly or wrongly, we judge other people’s taste because taste positions us in society.


PMLA ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 324-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Kopec

The popularization of the digital humanities and the return to formalism are overdetermined by the perceived crises in the humanities. On the one hand, the new formalism harks back to a professionalizing strategy begun by the New Critics with John Crowe Ransom's “Criticism, Inc.,” drawing strength from close reading's original polemic against industrialism. On the other hand, the digital humanities reimagine professional labor in ways that seemingly approximate postindustrial norms. These contradictory but inextricably related visions of professional futures restage a conflict between literature and data, reading and making, that has been misrecognized as a conflict between literature and history. Approaching these tensions by way of historicist critique can illuminate the extent to which the debate between literature and data will define critical practice in the twenty-first century.


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