Multimodal Measures of the Energetic Demands of Information Processing in a Suboptimal Environment

1993 ◽  
Vol 37 (19) ◽  
pp. 1393-1397
Author(s):  
Arthur M. Ryan ◽  
Richard W. Backs
Keyword(s):  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Processing Stage ◽  
Allocation Policy ◽  
Response Choice ◽  
Variable Capacity ◽  
Auditory Noise ◽  
Choice Processing

Twenty-four male volunteers participated in a study in which the feature extraction and response choice information processing stages of a visual memory task and the environment in which the task was performed were manipulated in order to assess the specificity of energetic demands. Ambient auditory noise was a state variable that was predicted to directly affect the energetic mechanism supporting the feature extraction processing stage and to indirectly affect the energetic mechanism supporting the response choice processing stage. Several classes of dependent measures were taken including performance, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and metabolic in order to isolate effects upon energetic mechanisms. The present study did not support the proposition of multiple energetic mechanisms. Instead, the combination of a single variable-capacity energetic resource with a flexible allocation policy to the processing stages was a better fit to the results.

scholarly journals Alpha/beta power decreases track the fidelity of stimulus-specific information

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin James Griffiths ◽  
Stephen D Mayhew ◽  
Karen J Mullinger ◽  
João Jorge ◽  
Ian Charest ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Neuronal Firing ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Alpha Beta ◽  
Task Irrelevant

Massed synchronised neuronal firing is detrimental to information processing. When networks of task-irrelevant neurons fire in unison, they mask the signal generated by task-critical neurons. On a macroscopic level, such synchronisation can contribute to alpha/beta (8–30 Hz) oscillations. Reducing the amplitude of these oscillations, therefore, may enhance information processing. Here, we test this hypothesis. Twenty-one participants completed an associative memory task while undergoing simultaneous EEG-fMRI recordings. Using representational similarity analysis, we quantified the amount of stimulus-specific information represented within the BOLD signal on every trial. When correlating this metric with concurrently-recorded alpha/beta power, we found a significant negative correlation which indicated that as post-stimulus alpha/beta power decreased, stimulus-specific information increased. Critically, we found this effect in three unique tasks: visual perception, auditory perception, and visual memory retrieval, indicating that this phenomenon transcends both stimulus modality and cognitive task. These results indicate that alpha/beta power decreases parametrically track the fidelity of both externally-presented and internally-generated stimulus-specific information represented within the cortex.

Neuropsychology and Psychology of MCS

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 545-554
Author(s):  
Nancy Fiedler ◽  
Howard Kipen ◽  
John Deluca ◽  
Kathie Kelly-Mcneil ◽  
Benjamin Natelson
Keyword(s):  
Visual Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Emotional Symptoms ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Multiple Chemical Sensitivities ◽  
Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Axis I ◽  
Normal Controls

Neurological symptoms are frequently reported by patients with multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS). Methods to compare the psychiatric, personality, and neuropsychological function of patients with MCS, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), and normal controls are described. Increased rates of Axis I psychiatric diagnoses are observed in the literature for MCS and CFS subjects relative to controls. Findings on the MMPI-2 and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale reveal prof iles consistent with the tendency to report somatic rather than emotional symptoms in response to stress. However, many of the reported somatic symptoms also coincide with those found in neurologic disorders. The overall neuropsychological prof ile for MCS subjects does not reflect cognitive impairment. Relative to normal controls, the only difference in neuropsychological performance observed is reduced recognition of nontarget designs on a visual memory task. More fruitful areas for future psychological research will include measurement of the interaction between behavioral response styles and attentional processes in cognition, as well as observations under controlled challenge conditions.

scholarly journals Are visual working memory and episodic memory distinct processes? Insight from stroke patients by lesion-symptom mapping

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selma Lugtmeijer ◽  
◽  
Linda Geerligs ◽  
Frank Erik de Leeuw ◽  
Edward H. F. de Haan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Lesion Symptom Mapping ◽  
Criterion Setting ◽  
The Right

AbstractWorking memory and episodic memory are two different processes, although the nature of their interrelationship is debated. As these processes are predominantly studied in isolation, it is unclear whether they crucially rely on different neural substrates. To obtain more insight in this, 81 adults with sub-acute ischemic stroke and 29 elderly controls were assessed on a visual working memory task, followed by a surprise subsequent memory test for the same stimuli. Multivariate, atlas- and track-based lesion-symptom mapping (LSM) analyses were performed to identify anatomical correlates of visual memory. Behavioral results gave moderate evidence for independence between discriminability in working memory and subsequent memory, and strong evidence for a correlation in response bias on the two tasks in stroke patients. LSM analyses suggested there might be independent regions associated with working memory and episodic memory. Lesions in the right arcuate fasciculus were more strongly associated with discriminability in working memory than in subsequent memory, while lesions in the frontal operculum in the right hemisphere were more strongly associated with criterion setting in subsequent memory. These findings support the view that some processes involved in working memory and episodic memory rely on separate mechanisms, while acknowledging that there might also be shared processes.

Different trait markers for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a neurocognitive approach

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 915-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. KÉRI ◽  
O. KELEMEN ◽  
G. BENEDEK ◽  
Z. JANKA
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Visual Information Processing ◽  
Verbal Recall

Background. The aim of this study was to assess visual information processing and cognitive functions in unaffected siblings of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and control subjects with a negative family history.Methods. The siblings of patients with schizophrenia (N = 25), bipolar disorder (N = 20) and the controls subjects (N = 20) were matched for age, education, IQ, and psychosocial functioning, as indexed by the Global Assessment of Functioning scale. Visual information processing was measured using two visual backward masking (VBM) tests (target location and target identification). The evaluation of higher cognitive functions included spatial and verbal working memory, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, letter fluency, short/long delay verbal recall and recognition.Results. The relatives of schizophrenia patients were impaired in the VBM procedure, more pronouncedly at short interstimulus intervals (14, 28, 42 ms) and in the target location task. Marked dysfunctions were also found in the spatial working memory task and in the long delay verbal recall test. In contrast, the siblings of patients with bipolar disorder exhibited spared performances with the exception of a deficit in the long delay recall task.Conclusions. Dysfunctions of sensory-perceptual analysis (VBM) and working memory for spatial information distinguished the siblings of schizophrenia patients from the siblings of individuals with bipolar disorder. Verbal recall deficit was present in both groups, suggesting a common impairment of the fronto-hippocampal system.

Reduced information processing speed as primum movens for cognitive decline in MS

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen Van Schependom ◽  
Marie B D’hooghe ◽  
Krista Cleynhens ◽  
Mieke D’hooge ◽  
Marie-Claire Haelewyck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Information Processing Speed ◽  
Survival Curves ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Cognitive impairment affects half of the multiple sclerosis (MS) patient population and is an important contributor to patients’ daily activities. Most cognitive impairment studies in MS are, however, cross-sectional or/and focused on the early disease stages. Objective: We aim to assess the time course of decline of different cognitive domains. Methods: We collected neuropsychological data on 514 MS patients to construct Kaplan-Meier survival curves of the tests included in the Neuropsychological Screening Battery for MS (NSBMS) and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). Cox-proportional hazard models were constructed to examine the influence of MS onset type, age at onset, gender, depression and level of education on the time course, expressed as age or disease. Results: Survival curves of tests focusing on information processing speed (IPS) declined significantly faster than tests with less specific demands of IPS. Median age for pathological decline was 56.2 years (95% CI: 54.4–58.2) on the SDMT and 63.9 years (95% CI: 60–66.9) on the CLTR, a memory task. Conclusion: In conclusion, IPS is the cognitive domain not only most widely affected by MS but it is also the first cognitive deficit to emerge in MS.

scholarly journals Concurrent feature-specific reactivation within the hippocampus and neocortex facilitates episodic memory retrieval

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B. Bone ◽  
Bradley R. Buchsbaum
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Storage And Retrieval ◽  
Specific Index ◽  
Early Visual Cortex ◽  
Episodic Memories

AbstractThe hippocampus is a key brain region for the storage and retrieval of episodic memories, but how it performs this function is unresolved. According to the hippocampal indexing theory, the hippocampus stores an event-specific index of the pattern of neocortical activity that occurred during perception. During retrieval, reactivation of the index by a partial cue facilitates the reactivation of the associated neocortical pattern. Therefore, event-specific retrieval requires joint reactivation of the hippocampal index and the associated neocortical networks. To test this theory, we examine the relation between performance on a recognition memory task requiring retrieval of image-specific visual details and feature-specific reactivation within the hippocampus and neocortex. We show that trial-by-trial recognition accuracy correlates with neural reactivation of low-level features (e.g. luminosity and edges) within the posterior hippocampus and early visual cortex for participants with high recognition lure accuracy. As predicted, the two regions interact, such that recognition accuracy correlates with hippocampal reactivation only when reactivation co-occurs within the early visual cortex (and vice-versa). In addition to supporting the hippocampal indexing theory, our findings show large individual differences in the features underlying visual memory and suggest that the anterior and posterior hippocampus represents gist-like and detailed features, respectively.

scholarly journals Alpha/beta power decreases track the fidelity of stimulus-specific information

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J. Griffiths ◽  
Stephen D. Mayhew ◽  
Karen J. Mullinger ◽  
João Jorge ◽  
Ian Charest ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Neuronal Firing ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Alpha Beta ◽  
Task Irrelevant

AbstractMassed synchronised neuronal firing is detrimental to information processing. When networks of task-irrelevant neurons fire in unison, they mask the signal generated by task-critical neurons. On a macroscopic level, mass synchronisation of these neurons can contribute to the ubiquitous alpha/beta (8-30Hz) oscillations. Reductions in the amplitude of these oscillations, therefore, may reflect a boost in the processing of high-fidelity information within the cortex. Here, we test this hypothesis. Twenty-one participants completed an associative memory task while undergoing simultaneous EEG-fMRI recordings. Using representational similarity analysis, we quantified the amount of stimulus-specific information represented within the BOLD signal on every trial. When correlating this metric with concurrently-recorded alpha/beta power, we found a significant negative correlation which indicated that as alpha/beta power decreased, our metric of stimulus-specific information increased. This effect generalised across cognitive tasks, as the negative relationship could be observed during visual perception and episodic memory retrieval. Further analysis revealed that this effect could be better explained by alpha/beta power decreases providing favourable conditions for information processing, rather than directly representing stimulus-specific information. Together, these results indicate that alpha/beta power decreases parametrically track the fidelity of both externally-presented and internally-generated stimulus-specific information represented within the cortex.

scholarly journals Prediction of Visual Memorability with EEG Signals: A Comparative Study

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 2694
Author(s):  
Sang-Yeong Jo ◽  
Jin-Woo Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Visual Memory ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Classification Models ◽  
Biological Feedback ◽  
Eeg Signals ◽  
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
K Nearest Neighbors ◽  
Visual Memory Task

Visual memorability is a method to measure how easily media contents can be memorized. Predicting the visual memorability of media contents has recently become more important because it can affect the design principles of multimedia visualization, advertisement, etc. Previous studies on the prediction of the visual memorability of images generally exploited visual features (e.g., color intensity and contrast) or semantic information (e.g., class labels) that can be extracted from images. Some other works tried to exploit electroencephalography (EEG) signals of human subjects to predict the memorability of text (e.g., word pairs). Compared to previous works, we focus on predicting the visual memorability of images based on human biological feedback (i.e., EEG signals). For this, we design a visual memory task where each subject is asked to answer whether they correctly remember a particular image 30 min after glancing at a set of images sampled from the LaMemdataset. During the visual memory task, EEG signals are recorded from subjects as human biological feedback. The collected EEG signals are then used to train various classification models for prediction of image memorability. Finally, we evaluate and compare the performance of classification models, including deep convolutional neural networks and classical methods, such as support vector machines, decision trees, and k-nearest neighbors. The experimental results validate that the EEG-based prediction of memorability is still challenging, but a promising approach with various opportunities and potentials.

Effects of Age and Memory Grouping on Simulated Car Driving

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (22) ◽  
pp. 1853-1857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Bao ◽  
Miklos Kiss ◽  
Marc Wittmann
Keyword(s):  
Visual Memory ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Fast Reaction ◽  
Elderly Drivers ◽  
Young Subjects ◽  
Color Grouping ◽  
Car Driving

The effects of an onboard visual memory task on simulated car driving were investigated in 20 young and 20 elderly drivers. Three experimental tasks (memory, driving, and dual task) were conducted in this study. Grouping of the presented memory words was manipulated by color, size, shape, and location. Results showed that grouping only improves memory for young people, but not for elderly in the memory-alone condition. No memory improvement by the grouping arrangement was found in the driving situation. However, reaction time to red light and number of driving errors showed that grouping did play an important role for elderly, but not for young subjects. The concurrent memory task significantly increased elderly subjects' reaction times. Color grouping, however, led to relatively fast reaction times and fewer driving errors. Possible reasons for the age-dependent grouping effect during driving and the implications of this effect for the development of onboard instruments are discussed.

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