Is there a rural penalty in language acquisition? Evidence from Germany’s refugee allocation policy

Emerging evidence has highlighted the important role of local contexts on integration trajectories of asylum seekers and refugees. Germany’s policy of randomly allocating asylum seekers across Germany may advantage some and disadvantage others in terms of opportunities for equal participation in society. This study explores the question whether asylum seekers that have been allocated to rural areas experience disadvantages in terms of language acquisition compared to those allocated to urban areas. We derive testable assumptions using a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) which are then tested using large-N survey data (IAB-BAMF-SOEP refugee survey). We find that living in a rural area has no negative total effect on language skills. Further the findings suggest that the ‘null effect’ is the result of two processes which offset each other: while asylum seekers in rural areas have slightly lower access for formal, federally organized language courses, they have more regular exposure to German speakers.

Double Deep Recurrent Reinforcement Learning for Centralized Dynamic Multichannel Access

We consider the problem of dynamic multichannel access for transmission maximization in multiuser wireless communication networks. The objective is to find a multiuser strategy that maximizes global channel utilization with a low collision in a centralized manner without any prior knowledge. Obtaining an optimal solution for centralized dynamic multichannel access is an extremely difficult problem due to the large-state and large-action space. To tackle this problem, we develop a centralized dynamic multichannel access framework based on double deep recurrent Q-network. The centralized node first maps current state directly to channel assignment actions, which can overcome prohibitive computation compared with reinforcement learning. Then, the centralized node can be easy to select multiple channels by maximizing the sum of value functions based on a trained neural network. Finally, the proposed method avoids collisions between secondary users through centralized allocation policy.

The Problem of Environmentally Displaced Person

Global warming is accelerating the speed of sea level rise, and more and more island countries are under threat. In our essay, we build the model and develop the environmentally displaced persons allocation policy and cultural protection policy. We use the data from 43 island countries that most at risk of cultural loss to predict changes in environmentally displaced persons population. The sea level submergence model is built by simplifying complex 3D model and computer simulation. Through the model, the environmentally displaced persons population is predicted to reach 6.3 million in 100 years. Therefore, we need to combine the efforts of the international community and NGOs to help environmentally displaced persons.

Implementasi Kebijakan Alokasi Dana Desa Di Desa Kotarindau Kecamatan Dolo Kabupaten Sigi

The purpose of this study was to find out how to implement the Village Fund Allocation Policy (ADD) in Kotarindau Village, Dolo District, Sigi Regency. The basis of the research used in this study is qualitative research methods and the type of research using a qualitative descriptive approach. The informant withdrawal technique in this study was purposively by selecting the number of informants as many as 5 people who were considered to have knowledge about the implementation of the Village Fund Allocation (ADD) policy program in Kotarindau Village, Dolo District, Sigi Regency. Data collection techniques were carried out in two ways, namely library research and field studies consisting of observation, interviews and documentation. The method used in this research is using qualitative analysis methods. Based on the research results obtained by the researchers that from the aspects / dimensions of Communication, Disposition, and Bureaucratic Structure it has been going well. However, related to the aspect of resources, especially human resources, the results are still not good, so the authors conclude that the implementation of the Village Fund Allocation (ADD) program in Kotarindau Village, Dolo District, Sigi Regency is quite good. The supporting factors for the program are the establishment of good communication between program implementers and the target group, commitment and responsibility for implementing the program in accordance with community expectations.