Addressing the Cold Air Aloft Aviation Challenge with Satellite Sounding Observations

At high latitudes in winter, the atmosphere at flight levels used by passenger and cargo aircraft can reach temperatures cold enough to restrict the flow of jet fuel from the fuel tanks to the engine, due either to water freezing in the fuel or the fuel itself freezing. Currently, aviation forecasters rely on a combination of aircraft reports, pilot reports, a sparse network of radiosondes, and global model fieldsfor identifying and characterizing Cold Air Aloft (CAA) events. More atmospheric data are needed to improve forecasts of CAA placement and timing, and satellite observations can help fill the gap. In particular, products derived from the NOAA-Unique Combined Atmospheric Processing System (NUCAPS) can be utilized by National Weather Service (NWS) forecasters to assist in the production of aviation hazard products. NUCAPS combines measurements from infrared and microwave sounding instruments on polar-orbiting satellites to retrieve atmospheric profiles of temperature and moisture in the high latitudes. NWS forecasters have real-time access to NUCAPS soundings via the Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System-II (AWIPS-II). The Joint Polar Satellite System Sounding Applications Initiative created Gridded NUCAPS in order to view soundings as isobaric surfaces or vertical cross sections in AWIPS-II. The Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA) developed a web-based product for displaying satellite-derived CAA information. This paper describes how the AWIPS-II and CIRA displays of satellite sounding observations augment aviation forecasting activities in Alaska using two specific CAA cases from the 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 winter seasons.

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Gridded Satellite Sounding Retrievals in Operational Weather Forecasting: Product Description and Emerging Applications

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12203311 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (20) ◽

pp. 3311 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Emily Berndt ◽

Nadia Smith ◽

Jason Burks ◽

Kris White ◽

Rebekah Esmaili ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weather Forecasting ◽

Processing System ◽

Satellite System ◽

Spatial Gradients ◽

Cloud Properties ◽

Atmospheric Processing ◽

Operational Application ◽

Short Term Prediction ◽

Product Description ◽

Convective Weather

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Short-term Prediction Research and Transition Center (SPoRT) has been part of a collaborative effort within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) Proving Ground and Risk Reduction (PGRR) Program to develop gridded satellite sounding retrievals for the operational weather forecasting community. The NOAA Unique Combined Atmospheric Processing System (NUCAPS) retrieves vertical profiles of temperature, water vapor, trace gases, and cloud properties derived from infrared and microwave sounder measurements. A new, optimized method for deriving NUCAPS level 2 horizontally and vertically gridded products is described here. This work represents the development of approaches to better synthesize remote sensing observations that ultimately increase the availability and usability of NUCAPS observations. This approach, known as “Gridded NUCAPS”, was developed to more effectively visualize NUCAPS observations to aid in the quick identification of thermodynamic spatial gradients. Gridded NUCAPS development was based on operations-to-research feedback and is now part of the operational National Weather Service display system. In this paper, we discuss how Gridded NUCAPS was designed, how relevant atmospheric fields are derived, its operational application in pre-convective weather forecasting, and several emerging applications that expand the utility of NUCAPS for monitoring phenomena such as fire weather, the Saharan Air Layer, and stratospheric air intrusions.

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Validation of Near-Real-Time NOAA-20 CrIS Outgoing Longwave Radiation with Multi-Satellite Datasets on Broad Timescales

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13193912 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (19) ◽

pp. 3912

Author(s):

Tianyuan Wang ◽

Lihang Zhou ◽

Changyi Tan ◽

Murty Divakarla ◽

Ken Pryor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Outgoing Longwave Radiation ◽

Radiant Energy ◽

Processing System ◽

Longwave Radiation ◽

Energy System ◽

Satellite System ◽

Global Scale ◽

Atmospheric Processing ◽

Validation Tests

The Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) package was first developed as a stand-alone application, and then integrated into the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Unique Combined Atmospheric Processing System (NUCAPS) hyperspectral sounding retrieval system. An objective of this package is to provide near-real-time OLR products derived from the Cross Track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) onboard the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) satellites. It was initially developed and validated with CrIS onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite, and has been expanded to JPSS-1 (renamed NOAA-20 after launch) datasets that are currently available to the public. In this paper, we provide the results of detailed validation tests with NOAA-20 CrIS for large and wide representative conditions at a global scale. In our validation tests, the observations from Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) on Aqua were treated as the absolute reference or “truth”, and those from SNPP CrIS OLR were used as the transfer standard. The tests were performed on a 1° × 1° global spatial grid over daily, monthly, and yearly timescales. We find that the CrIS OLR products from NOAA-20 agree exceptionally well with those from Aqua CERES and SNPP CrIS OLR products in all conditions: the daily bias is within ±0.6 Wm−2, and the standard deviation (STD) ranges from 4.88 to 9.1 Wm−2. The bias and the STD of OLR monthly mean are better, within 0.3 and 2.0 Wm−2, respectively. These findings demonstrate the consistency between NOAA-20 and SNPP CrIS OLR up to annual scales, and the robustness of NUCAPS CrIS OLR products.

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Validation of Carbon Trace Gas Profile Retrievals from the NOAA-Unique Combined Atmospheric Processing System for the Cross-Track Infrared Sounder

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12193245 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (19) ◽

pp. 3245

Author(s):

Nicholas R. Nalli ◽

Changyi Tan ◽

Juying Warner ◽

Murty Divakarla ◽

Antonia Gambacorta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Processing System ◽

Satellite System ◽

Low Earth Orbit ◽

Environmental Data ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Trace Gas ◽

Atmospheric Processing ◽

The Cross ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽

Cross Track

This paper provides an overview of the validation of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) operational retrievals of atmospheric carbon trace gas profiles, specifically carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), from the NOAA-Unique Combined Atmospheric Processing System (NUCAPS), a NOAA enterprise algorithm that retrieves atmospheric profile environmental data records (EDRs) under global non-precipitating (clear to partly cloudy) conditions. Vertical information about atmospheric trace gases is obtained from the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS), an infrared Fourier transform spectrometer that measures high resolution Earth radiance spectra from NOAA operational low earth orbit (LEO) satellites, including the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) and follow-on Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) series beginning with NOAA-20. The NUCAPS CO, CH4, and CO2 profile EDRs are rigorously validated in this paper using well-established independent truth datasets, namely total column data from ground-based Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) sites, and in situ vertical profile data obtained from aircraft and balloon platforms via the NASA Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) mission and NOAA AirCore sampler, respectively. Statistical analyses using these datasets demonstrate that the NUCAPS carbon gas profile EDRs generally meet JPSS Level 1 global performance requirements, with the absolute accuracy and precision of CO 5% and 15%, respectively, in layers where CrIS has vertical sensitivity; CH4 and CO2 product accuracies are both found to be within ±1%, with precisions of ≈1.5% and ⪅0.5%, respectively, throughout the tropospheric column.

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Evaluating Satellite Sounding Temperature Observations for Cold Air Aloft Detection

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos11121360 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1360

Author(s):

Rebekah Esmaili ◽

Nadia Smith ◽

Mark Schoeberl ◽

Chris Barnet

Keyword(s):

Air Temperature ◽

Fuel Efficiency ◽

Forecast Accuracy ◽

Processing System ◽

Temperature Profiles ◽

False Negatives ◽

Safety Hazard ◽

Cold Air ◽

Atmospheric Processing ◽

Data Source

Cold Air Aloft (CAA) can impact commercial flights when cold air descends below 12,192 m (40,000 ft) and temperatures drop dramatically. A CAA event is identified when air temperature falls below −65 °C, which decreases fuel efficiency and poses a safety hazard. This manuscript assesses the performance of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Unique Combined Atmospheric Processing System (NUCAPS) in detecting CAA events using sounders on polar-orbiting satellites. We compare NUCAPS air temperature profiles with those from Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) for January–March 2018. Of 1311 collocated profiles, 236 detected CAA. Our results showed that NUCAPS correctly detects CAA in 48.1% of profiles, while 17.2% are false positives and 34.7% are false negatives. To identify the reason for these detection states, we used a logistic regression trained on NUCAPS diagnostic parameters. We found that cloud cover can impact the skill even at higher vertical levels. This work indicates that a CAA-specific quality flag is feasible and may be useful to help forecasters to diagnose NUCAPS in real-time. Furthermore, the inclusion of an additional sounder data source (e.g., NOAA-20) may increase CAA forecast accuracy. Cloud scenes change rapidly, so additional observations provide more opportunities for correct detection.

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Uncertainties of satellite-derived surface skin temperatures in the polar oceans: MODIS, AIRS/AMSU, and AIRS only

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques ◽

10.5194/amt-8-4025-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 4025-4041 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

H.-J. Kang ◽

J.-M. Yoo ◽

M.-J. Jeong ◽

Y.-I. Won

Keyword(s):

Sea Ice ◽

The Arctic ◽

Data Sets ◽

High Latitudes ◽

Ice Surface ◽

Moderate Resolution ◽

Microwave Sounding ◽

Polar Oceans ◽

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ◽

Ice Surface Temperature

Abstract. Uncertainties in the satellite-derived surface skin temperature (SST) data in the polar oceans during two periods (16–24 April and 15–23 September) 2003–2014 were investigated and the three data sets were intercompared as follows: MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Ice Surface Temperature (MODIS IST), the SST of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder/Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AIRS/AMSU), and AIRS only. The AIRS only algorithm was developed in preparation for the degradation of the AMSU-A. MODIS IST was systematically warmer up to 1.65 K at the sea ice boundary and colder down to −2.04 K in the polar sea ice regions of both the Arctic and Antarctic than that of the AIRS/AMSU. This difference in the results could have been caused by the surface classification method. The spatial correlation coefficient of the AIRS only to the AIRS/AMSU (0.992–0.999) method was greater than that of the MODIS IST to the AIRS/AMSU (0.968–0.994). The SST of the AIRS only compared to that of the AIRS/AMSU had a bias of 0.168 K with a RMSE of 0.590 K over the Northern Hemisphere high latitudes and a bias of −0.109 K with a RMSE of 0.852 K over the Southern Hemisphere high latitudes. There was a systematic disagreement between the AIRS retrievals at the boundary of the sea ice, because the AIRS only algorithm utilized a less accurate GCM forecast over the seasonally varying frozen oceans than the microwave data. The three data sets (MODIS, AIRS/AMSU and AIRS only) showed significant warming rates (2.3 ± 1.7 ~ 2.8 ± 1.9 K decade−1) in the northern high regions (70–80° N) as expected from the ice-albedo feedback. The systematic temperature disagreement associated with surface type classification had an impact on the resulting temperature trends.

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PERANCANGAN SISTEM PENGOLAHAN DATA JEMAAT BERBASIS WEB PADA GEREJA GKPI KOTA JAMBI

JOURNAL V-TECH (VISION TECHNOLOGY) ◽

10.35141/jvt.v1i2.92 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 14-24

Author(s):

Dame Christine Sagala ◽

Ali Sadikin ◽

Beni Irawan

Keyword(s):

Data Processing ◽

Data Storage ◽

Processing System ◽

Testing System ◽

Unit Testing ◽

Sequential Approach ◽

Web Based ◽

Worship Services ◽

Conducting Research ◽

Microsoft Office

The data processing systems is a very necessary way to manipulate a data into useful information. The system makes data storage, adding, changing, scheduling to reporting well integrated, so that it can help parts to exchange information and make decisions quickly. The problems faced by GKPI Pal Merah Jambi are currently still using Microsoft Office Word and in disseminating information such as worship schedules, church activities and other worship routines through paper and wall-based worship services. To print worship and report reports requires substantial operational funds, in addition to data collection and storage there are still deficiencies including recording data on the book, difficulty in processing large amounts of data and stored in only one special place that is passive. Based on the above problems, the author is interested in conducting research with the title Designing Data Processing Systems for Web-Based Churches in the GKPI Pal Merah Church in Jambi. The purpose of this study is to design and produce a data processing system for the church. Using this system can facilitate data processing in the GKPI Pal Merah Jambi Church. This study uses a waterfall development method, a method that provides a systematic and sequential approach to system needs analysis, design, implementation and unit testing, system testing and care. Applications built using the web with MySQL DBMS database, PHP programming language and Laravel.

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The CHAMP Atmospheric Processing System for Radio Occultation Measurements

Earth Observation with CHAMP ◽

10.1007/3-540-26800-6_95 ◽

2005 ◽

pp. 597-602 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Torsten Schmidt ◽

Jens Wickert ◽

Georg Beyerle ◽

Rolf König ◽

Roman Galas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Radio Occultation ◽

Processing System ◽

Atmospheric Processing

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E-Business Transaction in Web Integrated Network Environment

Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, First Edition ◽

10.4018/978-1-59140-553-5.ch164 ◽

2005 ◽

pp. 934-938

Author(s):

V. K. Murthy ◽

E .V. Krishnamurthy

Keyword(s):

Processing System ◽

Local Area ◽

Transaction Processing ◽

Wide Area Networks ◽

Integrated Network ◽

Web Based ◽

Business Transaction ◽

Service Oriented ◽

Security And Reliability ◽

The Web

The World Wide Web (or the “Web”) is revolutionizing the concept of service -oriented computing. It permits the integration of the local area networks (LAN) and wide-area networks (WAN), thereby providing servers that are interconnected at a worldwide or an intergalactic level. Such an integration serves as a backbone for the Web-based business or e-business to access information, as well as perform e-business transactions across the globe with adequate security and reliability. In this article, we describe the issues involved in the design of an e-business transaction processing system and the solutions that have been proposed for these problems using the techniques of AI, conventional database transaction processing methodology and protocol engineering principles. These techniques will be useful for improved transaction throughput and scalability in e-commerce (Brancheau & Shi, 2001; Menasce & Almeida, 2000; Murthy, 2002).

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