scholarly journals The Brain Metabolite Kynurenic Acid Inhibits α7 Nicotinic Receptor Activity and Increases Non-α7 Nicotinic Receptor Expression: Physiopathological Implications

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 7463-7473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey Hilmas ◽  
Edna F. R. Pereira ◽  
Manickavasagom Alkondon ◽  
Arash Rassoulpour ◽  
Robert Schwarcz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Receptor ◽  
Kynurenic Acid ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Receptor Activity ◽  
Brain Metabolite ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Norepinephrine Regulation of Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus Astrocyte Glycogen Metabolism

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 759
Author(s):  
Karen P. Briski ◽  
Mostafa M. H. Ibrahim ◽  
A. S. M. Hasan Mahmood ◽  
Ayed A. Alshamrani
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Glycogen Metabolism ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Hypothalamic Nucleus ◽  
Control Structures ◽  
Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus ◽  
Glycogen Reserve ◽  
Noradrenergic Modulation ◽  
The Brain

The catecholamine norepinephrine (NE) links hindbrain metabolic-sensory neurons with key glucostatic control structures in the brain, including the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN). In the brain, the glycogen reserve is maintained within the astrocyte cell compartment as an alternative energy source to blood-derived glucose. VMN astrocytes are direct targets for metabolic stimulus-driven noradrenergic signaling due to their adrenergic receptor expression (AR). The current review discusses recent affirmative evidence that neuro-metabolic stability in the VMN may be shaped by NE influence on astrocyte glycogen metabolism and glycogen-derived substrate fuel supply. Noradrenergic modulation of estrogen receptor (ER) control of VMN glycogen phosphorylase (GP) isoform expression supports the interaction of catecholamine and estradiol signals in shaping the physiological stimulus-specific control of astrocyte glycogen mobilization. Sex-dimorphic NE control of glycogen synthase and GP brain versus muscle type proteins may be due, in part, to the dissimilar noradrenergic governance of astrocyte AR and ER variant profiles in males versus females. Forthcoming advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanistic framework for catecholamine stimulus integration with other regulatory inputs to VMN astrocytes will undoubtedly reveal useful new molecular targets in each sex for glycogen mediated defense of neuronal metabolic equilibrium during neuro-glucopenia.

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Expression in the Visual System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Hill ◽  
Christian Clement ◽  
L. Arceneaux ◽  
Walter Lukiw
Keyword(s):  
Signal Processing ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Visual Signal ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background: Multiple lines of evidence currently indicate that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)gains entry into human host cells via a high-affinity interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) transmembrane receptor. Research has further shown the widespread expression of the ACE2 receptor on the surface of many different immune, non-immune and neural host cell types, and that SARS-CoV-2 has there markable capability to attack many different types of human-host cells simultaneously. One principal neuroanatomical region for highACE2 expression patterns occurs in the brainstem, an area of the brain containing regulatory centers for respiration, and this may in part explain the predisposition of many COVID-19 patients to respiratory distress. Early studies also indicated extensive ACE2 expression in the whole eye and the brain’s visual circuitry. In this study we analyzed ACE2 receptor expression at the mRNA and protein level in multiple cell types involved in human vision, including cell types of the external eye and several deep brain regions known to be involved in the processing of visual signals.Methods: ACE2 mRNA and protein analysis; multiple eye and brain cells and tissues; gamma32P-adenosine tri-phosphate ([γ-32P]dATP) radiolabeled probes; Northern analysis; ELISA.Results: The four main findings were: (i)that many different optical and neural cell types of the human visual system provide receptors essential for SARS-CoV-2 invasion; (ii)the remarkable ubiquity of ACE2 presence in cells of the eye and anatomical regions of the brain involved in visual signal processing; (iii)that ACE2 receptor expression in different ocular cell types and visual processing centers of the brain provide multiple compartments for SARS-CoV-2 infiltration; and (iv)a gradient of increasing ACE2 expression from the anterior surface of the eye to the visual signal processing areas of the occipital lobe and the primary visual neocortex.Conclusion: A gradient of ACE2 expression from the eye surface to the occipital lobe provide the SARS-CoV-2 virus a novel pathway from the outer eye into deeper anatomical regions of the brain involved in vision. These findings may explain, in part, the many recently reported neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2infection in COVID-19 affected patients.

scholarly journals Stroke Increases G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor Expression in the Brain of Male but Not Female Mice

Neurosignals ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 229-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad R.S. Broughton ◽  
Vanessa H. Brait ◽  
Elizabeth Guida ◽  
Seyoung Lee ◽  
Thiruma V. Arumugam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Expression ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
The Brain

Modulation of Nicotinic Receptor Activity in the Central Nervous System

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. S19-S25 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. X. Albuquerque ◽  
M. D. Santos ◽  
M. Alkondon ◽  
E. F. R. Pereira ◽  
A. Maelicke
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nicotinic Receptor ◽  
Receptor Activity ◽  
The Central Nervous System

P2Y2 purinergic receptor is induced following human cytomegalovirus infection and its activity is required for efficient viral replication

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saisai Chen ◽  
Thomas Shenk ◽  
Maciej T. Nogalski
Keyword(s):  
Viral Replication ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Hcmv Infection ◽  
Purinergic Receptor ◽  
Purinergic Signaling ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Receptor Activity ◽  
P2y2 Receptor ◽  
Infected Cells

AbstractHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) manipulates many aspects of host cell biology to create an intracellular milieu optimally supportive of its replication and spread. The current study reveals a role for purinergic signaling in HCMV infection. The levels of several components of the purinergic signaling system, including the P2Y2 receptor, were altered in HCMV-infected fibroblasts. P2Y2 receptor RNA and protein are strongly induced following infection. Pharmacological inhibition of receptor activity or knockdown of receptor expression markedly reduced the production of infectious HCMV progeny. When P2Y2 activity was inhibited, the accumulation of most viral RNAs tested and viral DNA was reduced. In addition, the level of cytosolic calcium within infected cells was reduced when P2Y2 signaling was blocked. The HCMV-coded UL37x1 protein was previously shown to induce calcium flux from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol, and the present study demonstrates that P2Y2 function is required for this mobilization. We conclude that P2Y2 supports the production of HCMV progeny, possibly at multiple points within the viral replication cycle that interface with signaling pathways induced by the purinergic receptor.ImportanceHCMV infection is ubiquitous and can cause life-threatening disease in immunocompromised patients, debilitating birth defects in newborns, and has been increasingly associated with a wide range of chronic conditions. Such broad clinical implications result from the modulation of multiple host cell processes. This study documents that cellular purinergic signaling is usurped in HCMV-infected cells and that the function of this signaling axis is critical for efficient HCMV infection. Therefore, we speculate that blocking P2Y2 receptor activity has the potential to become an attractive novel treatment option for HCMV infection.

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