Study of Soil- Grass Species Relationship as A Pattern For Grasslands Rehabilitation, A Case Study From Iran

AbstractFor the majority of eriophyoid species, host ranges have been established purely on the basis of collection records, usually without quantitative data. The aim of this study was to: (1) quantitatively examine published literature to explore whether relevant analyses of field-collected quantitative data were used to assess host specificity of herbivores; (2) propose a protocol for data analysis that could be applied to plant-feeding mites; (3) analyse host specificity of the grass-feeding Aceria species as a case study. Field data were collected in Central and Northern Europe over a period of 11 years, and included 73 grass species. For the eight Aceria species found, infestation parameters and host specificity indexes were assessed. Accumulation curves were calculated to study how the sampling effort influenced estimates of host specificity indexes. A literature analysis showed that among the studies that declared an aim of estimating the host range only 56% of them applied any quantitative analysis or informed on estimation reliability. The analysis of field-collected data and its interpretation showed the most complete and reliable conclusions about the host specificity of Aceria species when all indices were considered and, if available, other information about the mite’s ecology and biology. It was shown that estimates of host specificity could be strongly affected by sampling effort, and that several hundreds of samples should be collected for measuring the host specificity of grass-infesting mites, at least. Recommendations regarding host specificity estimation on the basis of field data are given.

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Multiscale monitoring of a multispecies case study: two grass species at Sevilleta

Plant Ecology ◽

10.1007/s11258-004-6802-z ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 179 (2) ◽

pp. 149-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Xiongwen Chen ◽

Bai-lian Li ◽

Scott L. Collins

Keyword(s):

Grass Species

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Challenges faced in the conservation of rare antelope: a case study on the northern basalt plains of the Kruger National Park

Koedoe ◽

10.4102/koedoe.v45i2.26 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

C.C. Grant ◽

T. Davidson ◽

P.J. Funston ◽

D.J. Pienaar

Keyword(s):

National Park ◽

Kruger National Park ◽

Grass Species ◽

Management Options ◽

Equus Burchelli ◽

Initial Drop ◽

Roan Antelope ◽

Hippotragus Equinus ◽

Management Approaches

The conservation of rare antelope has long been one of the goals of the Kruger National Park. The roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, and to a lesser extent the tsessebe Damaliscus lunatus, represent low-density species or rare antelope in the park. Specific management approaches representing the older equilibrium approach, have been employed to conserve these antelope. Of these, the supply of artificial water over many decades was the most resource intensive. The sudden, severe drop in the roan antelope population towards the end of the 1980s was unexpected and, retrospectively, attributed to the development of a high density of perennial waterpoints. The postulated mechanism was that the perennial presence of water allowed Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli to stay permanently in an area that was previously only seasonally accessible. The combined effect of a long, dry climatic cycle, high numbers of zebra and their associated predators was proposed to be the cause of this decline. As part of the new nature evolving or ecosystem resilience approach, twelve artificial waterpoints were closed in the prime roan antelope habitat in 1994 in an attempt to move the zebra out of this area. The zebra numbers declined as the rainfall increased. Closure of waterholes clearly led to redistribution of zebra numbers on the northern plains, zebra tending to avoid areas within several kilometres of closed waterpoints. However, at a larger scale, regional densities appeared similar in areas with and without closed waterpoints. There was an initial drop in the lion numbers in 1995, after which they stabilised. In spite of an improvement in the grass species composition and an increase in biomass the roan antelope population did not increase. The complexity of maintaining a population at the edge of their distribution and the problems associated with the conservation of such populations are discussed in terms of management options and monitoring approaches that may be employed in this process.

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The Impact of Exotic Dune Grass Species on Foredune Development in Australia and New Zealand: a case study ofAmmophila arenariaandThinopyrum junceiforme

Australian Geographer ◽

10.1080/00049180600954765 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 313-334 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Mike Hilton ◽

Nick Harvey ◽

Andrew Hart ◽

Kris James ◽

Chris Arbuckle

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Grass Species ◽

The Impact ◽

Dune Grass

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Pollinator-friendly flora in rangelands following control of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum): a case study

Invasive Plant Science and Management ◽

10.1017/inp.2021.33 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Arathi H. S. ◽

Janet Hardin

Keyword(s):

Native Species ◽

Prescribed Burning ◽

Bromus Tectorum ◽

Flowering Plants ◽

Residual Effects ◽

Ecosystem Functions ◽

Grass Species ◽

Native Flora ◽

Annual Grasses

Abstract Invasive winter annual grasses, such as cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) are considered serious threats to regional biodiversity. Pollinator populations that depend on the native flora are likely to be negatively impacted as these native species may be displaced by the invasive grass species. Colonization by cheatgrass is also predicted to increase risk of wildfires, as dead plant parts provide fuel in the already dry and arid regions of the western United States. Biocontrol, grazing, prescribed burning, or use of broad-spectrum nonselective herbicides have been suggested as possible means to control B. tectorum. Efficient control may facilitate regrowth of native flora that could in turn support other ecosystem functions. Reporting our findings as a case study, we describe here the results of the application of a preemergent herbicide, indaziflam, that limits germination of B. tectorum seeds. Herbicide was applied to the study locations during the months of December 2016, January 2017, and February 2017. The data reported here on the diversity of flowering plants were collected between May through September 2018. Herbicide-treated plots showed an increase in diversity and abundance of flowering plants compared to the untreated control within two seasons after cheatgrass control was implemented, suggesting that effective reduction of the population of the invasive annual cheatgrass may help facilitate the growth of native forbs. Further studies are necessary to understand mechanisms that facilitate reestablishment of native flowering species, the long-term consequences of reducing invasive annual grasses and to document any residual effects of the herbicide on ground-nesting pollinators.

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Molecular evolution of two duplicated CDPK genes CPK7 and CPK12 in grass species: A case study in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Gene ◽

10.1016/j.gene.2010.12.015 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 475 (2) ◽

pp. 94-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Shuaifeng Geng ◽

Yongliang Zhao ◽

Lichuan Tang ◽

Rongzhi Zhang ◽

Minghui Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Molecular Evolution ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Grass Species

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Effectiveness of control measures of Mikania micrantha on grassland: a case study from grassland in Sauraha area of Chitwan National Park

Banko Janakari ◽

10.3126/banko.v27i3.20559 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 144-149

Author(s):

U. Aryal ◽

B. H. Wagle ◽

B. Lamichhane ◽

A. Parajuli ◽

P. Thapa

Keyword(s):

National Park ◽

Control Measures ◽

Grass Species ◽

Systematic Sampling ◽

Sample Plot ◽

Native Grass ◽

Mikania Micrantha ◽

Chitwan National Park ◽

And Control

The spread of Mikania micrantha is causing a serious threat to native ecosystem in the tropical and sub-tropical parts of Nepal. The main objective of the study was to analyse the effectiveness of different control measures applied in the grasslands of Chitwan National Park (CNP) by comparing number and coverage of M. micrantha and native grass species. The three experimental sites were grassland of the CNP. These sites were delineated from Etrex 30, Global Positioning System (GPS) and GIS 10.3.2 in April, 2013. A block with size of 100 m x 100 m was separated by fire line on all sides for each treatment in each site. Systematic sampling with random start was used to establish sample plots within each block. Six sample plots were established in each block. The size of each plot was 2 m x 0.4 m (0.8 m2). The distance between one sample plot to another sample plot was 40 m. Three treatments applied in three blocks of each site were controlled fire, manual cutting and control (no treatment).Seedlings of M. micrantha and native grasses were counted and their coverage assessed in each plot. The coverage and number of native grass species were higher in controlled fire plot than in manual cutting and control plots. The study concludes that controlled fire is better than manual cutting and control treatments for the management of grassland. This study will help to different stakeholders to control its outreach, make polices, proper management of grasslands that are being affected by the invasion of M. micrantha. Banko JanakariA Journal of Forestry Information for Nepal Special Issue No. 4, 2018, Page: 144-149

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Early season grazing effects on birch, grass, herbs and plant litter in coastal meadows used by reindeer: a short-term case study

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.22.2.1531 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 123 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Svein M. Eilertsen ◽

Ivar Schjelderup ◽

Svein D. Mathiesen

Keyword(s):

Cultural Landscape ◽

Rangifer Tarandus ◽

Plant Litter ◽

Grass Species ◽

Short Term ◽

Deschampsia Caespitosa ◽

And Control ◽

Coastal Meadows

The effects of short-term grazing by reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) on birch (Betula pubescens), grasses, herbs and plant litter in coastal meadows in spring were investigated in grazed and control plots in 1996 and 1997. The meadow contained 29 different plant species, all but one of which (Deschampsia caespitosa) were intensively grazed by reindeer. Young birch eaten by reindeer did not increase in mean height (9 cm), while birch protected from grazing grew from 9 to 22 cm (P<0.05) during the two years of the experiment. The ratio of grasses to herbs was higher (P<0.05) in the grazed plots than in the control plots, and the relative abundace of grasses increased during the summer in both years. The abundance of Rumex asetosa and Alchemilla subcrenata decreased (P<0.05) in response to grazing. From spring 1996, plant litter increased (P<0.05) on the control plots until the investigation came to an end in spring 1998, unlike grazed vegetation. Reindeer affects the coastal meadows in northern Norway in spring by browsing on birch and grazing on herbs and grass which in the long term might influence the cultural landscape in favour of the growth of grass species.

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The Genesis and Internal Dynamics of El Salvador's People's Revolutionary Army, 1970–1976

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x13009850 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (01) ◽

pp. 102-129

Author(s):

ALBERTO MARTÍN ÁLVAREZ ◽

EUDALD CORTINA ORERO

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

El Salvador ◽

Early Years ◽

Left Wing ◽

Internal Dynamics ◽

Internal Coherence ◽

The 1960S

AbstractUsing interviews with former militants and previously unpublished documents, this article traces the genesis and internal dynamics of the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People's Revolutionary Army, ERP) in El Salvador during the early years of its existence (1970–6). This period was marked by the inability of the ERP to maintain internal coherence or any consensus on revolutionary strategy, which led to a series of splits and internal fights over control of the organisation. The evidence marshalled in this case study sheds new light on the origins of the armed Salvadorean Left and thus contributes to a wider understanding of the processes of formation and internal dynamics of armed left-wing groups that emerged from the 1960s onwards in Latin America.

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Culture and the plasticity of perception

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x19002887 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Lifshitz ◽

T. M. Luhrmann

Keyword(s):

Cultural Context ◽

Sensory Experience ◽

Cultural Learning ◽

The World

Abstract Culture shapes our basic sensory experience of the world. This is particularly striking in the study of religion and psychosis, where we and others have shown that cultural context determines both the structure and content of hallucination-like events. The cultural shaping of hallucinations may provide a rich case-study for linking cultural learning with emerging prediction-based models of perception.

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