Трав’яне вкриття і запаси лучних кормів для утримання Cervus elaphus L.

Охарактеризовано видовий склад, проективне вкриття, трапляння, рясність та запаси трав’яного вкриття на землях, які вийшли із сільськогосподарського користування в умовах Західного Полісся України. Для можливого створення вольєри та утримання оленя лісового виділено п’ять біотопів: свіжі суходільні луки, вологі луки, сирі луки, зарості верби з очеретом, сільськогосподарські землі (рілля). Наведено характеристику відносного поїдання виявлених видів трав’яних рослин оленем. У межах колишніх сільськогосподарських земель обліковано 71 вид судинних рослин. Найбільшу кількість видів трав відзначено на пробних площах суходільного та вологого лугу, відповідно, 27 і 25 видів. В умовах суходолу за проективним вкриттям переважають п’ять видів рослин, загальне проективне вкриття яких становить 53%. Домінуючими травами вологих лук є Solidago canadensis L., Juncus conglomeratus L., Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth, Deschampsia caespitosa (L.), Phalaroides arundinacea (L.) Rausch. Загальне проективне вкриття панівних трав становить 71%. У верболозах, де ростуть ламка, козяча та сіра верби, а також зрідка трапляється слива, зареєстровано найменше видове різноманіття трав. Тут переважає Phragmites vulgaris Samp., трапляння якого досягає 80%, а проективне вкриття – 60%. Рясність трав’яного вкриття у межах лучної ділянки поступово зменшується від 87% у верболозах до 76% в умовах вологого та 65% – суходільного лугу. У приболотній смузі видова насиченість літньо-осінніх трав становить лише 10 видів з домінуванням гідрофільної рослини Phalaroides arundinacea (L.). В умовах сирого сугруду (болото) та вологого субору (вологі луки) зареєстровано найбільшу масу трав’яних рослин, відповідно 2,5 кг/м2 та 1,3 кг/м2. Найменша маса трав є характерною для свіжого лугу та верболозів із заростями очерету: 0,45 та 1,09 кг/м2. Більшість видів трав’яних рослин, що ростуть у різних досліджуваних лучних біотопах Західного Полісся, поїдають олені і можуть бути використані для забезпечення їхніх кормових потреб у вольєрному розведенні.

The use of herbicides to regulate weeds in forest nurseries and crops in Poland

Weeds competing with seedlings of trees for nutrients, moisture, light and space, drown out their growth in nurseries and forest crops. Currently, in forestry, weed control is mainly carried out in forest nurseries, less often during the preparation of the area intended for afforestation, but sporadically in forest crops. The most important species of weeds threatening seedlings of forest trees include Senecio vulgaris, S. silvaticus, Deschampsia caespitosa, Pteridium aquilinum, Agropyron repens, Calamagrostis epigeios and Equisetum arvense. In Poland, herbicides have the largest share (about 50%) in the sale of plant protection products, but the scale of their use in forests is small, compared to agriculture. In 2012, 915 herbicides were registered in the country, out of which only 14 products (0.5%) were for use in forestry. In the years 1999–2019, 31 herbicides were registered for the protection of forest nurseries and crops, which included 13 active substances belonging to 11 chemical groups, of which 9 active substances have been used up to now. Most herbicides (15–16) were used in the years 2004–2006, the lowest in 1999–2000 and in 2014 (4 products). The most popular active substance has been glyphosate contained in 18 products.

Changes of species composition of the Poa pratensis-Festuca rubra plant communities in drainage peatland

The objective of this study was to examine the vegetation cover and describe the floristic diversity of selected plant communities of extensive and abandoned grasslands within the Forest of Parczew PLB060006 – a Natura 2000 protected area. Floristic surveys were conducted in the meadows in years 2001 and 2013 under the conditions of natural succession of the communities Poa pratensis-Festuca rubra. The area is situated in the northern part of the Lublin Voivodeship, in the physiographic mesoregion the Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland. Those communities were characterized by average species richness and floristic diversity index values. The cover index decreased considerably in the case of 8 species, and increased for 12 species. A large increase in the cover index of Holcus lanatus, Deschampsia caespitosa, Galium mollugo, Anthriscus sylvestris and Polemonium caeruleae is particularly noteworthy. In 2001, 39 species of plants were recorded in all relevés, compared to 41 species recorded in 2013. Over 12 years, 11 species disappeared, but 13 new ones emerged. For the time being, the average species richness N increased from 12 to 16 per relevé. The biodiversity index H' increased from 2.8 to 3.6.

Effect of Weather on the Occurrence of Puccinia Graminis Subsp. Graminicola and Puccinia Coronata F. Sp. Lolii at Lolium Perenne L. and Deschampsia Caespitosa (L.) P. B.

Monitoring of Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola and Puccinia coronata f. sp. lolii was carried out in Plant breeding station called Větrov. The pathogens were estimated on turf grass (Lolium perenne L., Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) P. B.) from 2009 to 2014. Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola was detected in the increased level in 2009 and 2012. The highest amount of mixed infections was determined in 2014 because of the warmest winter from all monitored years and low precipitations. Significant differences were found out in the resistance of similar plant materials grown in different fields. Significant effect of weather conditions and supposed effect of different infectious pressure on various fields were reflected in these facts. At evaluated grasses, the highest (P < 0.05) occurence of Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola. Lolium perenne L. was observed and the infection of Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola (P < 0.05) was determined higher than in Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) P. B.

Upper montane grassland structure within six subranges of Serra do Mar, Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT The phytosociological structure of upper montane grasslands (high altitude grasslands) was studied in six subranges of Serra do Mar. Throughout 324 (1 m2) plot samples, we identified 195 taxa out of 280 taxa previously found in a floristic survey. Besides the general analysis of these communities, five physiognomies (synusiae) of these grasslands were previously determined based upon the species with greater cover. Cryptangium triquetrum and Croton mullerianus had the highest phytosociological importance value among the upper montane grasslands sampled in the present study. The first species was the most important of the grassy physiognomy of all sampled subranges and the second one of the shrubby physiognomy within three subranges. Chusquea pinifolia, Machaerina austrobrasiliensis, Deschampsia caespitosa, Gleichenella pectitata, Tibouchina dubia, Xyris stenophylla, Eryngium koehnearum and Eriochrysis holcoides were also structurally important. Although considerable species richness has been observed, the dominance of one or few species in the community was common in all subranges and physiognomies. In a brief comparison with upper montane vegetation studies (mainly on rocky outcrops) carried out in Southeastern Brazil, a low sharing of species was verified. Furthermore, the scarcity of studies in the literature regarding floristic and sociological structure of upper montane grasslands hampers a deeper analysis at level of species.

Zbiorowiska roślinne użytków zielonych ze związków Calthion i Filipendulion w środkowej części doliny Wieprza

Celem badań była charakterystyka fitocenoz ze związków Calthion palustris i Filipendulion ulmariae, występujących na wilgotnych użytkach zielonych w środkowej części doliny Wieprza oraz ocena warunków tych siedlisk. Badania fitosocjologiczne przeprowadzono metodą Braun-Blanqueta. Związek Calthion palustris reprezentowały: zbiorowisko Deschampsia caespitosa i zespół Cirsietum rivularis. Zbiorowisko Deschampsia caespitosa występowało na glebach mineralnych i mineralno-organicznych, o niskiej zawartości składników pokarmowych. Łąki porośnięte roślinnością zespołu Cirsietum rivularis były zwykle zlokalizowane we wtórnie zabagnionych fragmentach doliny. Płaty tego zespołu występowały w sąsiedztwie zespołów – Alopecuretum pratensis oraz Caricetum gracilis. Zespoły Valeriano-Filipenduletum i Lythro-Filipenduletum ulmariae (związek Filipendulion ulmariae) występowały rzadko i tworzyły małe płaty na ekstensywnych łąkach, zlokalizowanych na glebach organicznych. Tworzeniu ziołoroślowych fitocenoz sprzyjała także mała troska o stan urządzeń wodno-melioracyjnych oraz zaniechanie użytkowania niektórych łąk

Competition ability of selected amenity varieties of Festuca rubra in mixture with Deschampsia caespitosa

The aim of the research was to evaluate the competition capacity and find suitable proportion of different types of Festuca rubra and Deschampsia caespitosa in grass mixtures for decorative lawns. A field experiment with Deschampsia caespitosa cv. Kometa in monoculture or in mixtures with Festuca rubra L. varieties Viktorka (ssp. trichophylla), Barborka (ssp. commutata) and Petruna (ssp. rubra) was established in Větrov in 2007. The sowing rate was 40 000 viable seeds per m² (0, 25, 50 or 75% of F. rubra). The sward was mown at 3 cm. The number and weight of tillers of the turf components were evaluated during three years. The highest number of tillers (on average 63.3 thousand/m²) and weight of the dry aboveground phytomass (on average 196 g/m²) were found with F. rubra ssp. trichophylla. Its particular tillers had the lowest dry weight (0.32 g/100 tillers). The lowest number of tillers (32.9 thousand/m²) and low weight of dry aboveground phytomass (134 g/m²) showed mixtures with F. rubra ssp. rubra, whose tiller weight was relatively high (0.42 g/100 tillers). The size of F. rubra tillers was not influenced either by the mixture composition or by vegetation years. The number of F. rubra tillers was not significantly different in the third and first vegetation year. The number of D. caespitosa tillers in monoculture decreased during the years from 45 to 30 thousand/m², but the weight of dry aboveground phytomass increased significantly from 233 g/m² to 318 g/m². Poor competition of D. caespitosa was found in the mixture with F. rubra ssp. commutata (on average 4% of total number of tillers and 7% of the total weight of the dry aboveground phytomass). F. rubra ssp. trichophylla was less competitive and the least competition with D. caespitosa was found in F. rubra ssp. rubra, After three years the proportion of D. caespitosa in mixtures with F. rubra ssp. rubra significantly increased to 36% of the total number of tillers and to 55% of the total weight of phytomass. Mixtures of D. caespitosa and F. rubra ssp. rubra were found to be promising for low input lawns.

Stem rust (Puccinia graminis ssp. graminicola Urban) its hosts and harmfulness in grasses grown for seed

Stem rust development on four species of grasses was studied in field experiments conducted at Radzików in 1997-2001. Population of <i>Puccinia graminis</i> ssp. <i>graminicola</i> from different hosts was characterised and their harmfulness for grass grown for seed was estimated. The materials for study were ecotypes and strains of <i>Lolium perenne</i>, <i>Festuca rubra, Poa pratensis</i> and <i>Deschampsia caespitosa</i> collected in breeding nursery and cultivars and strains of <i>L.perenne, F.rubra, P.pratensis</i> cultivated for seed. It was found that the changes in environmental conditions during last years influenced earlier occurrence of stem rust on grasses in Poland. All examined species were the host of <i>P.graminis</i> ssp. <i>graminicola</i>, however the period of infection of particular hosts were different. <i>L.perenne</i> and <i>D.caespitosa</i> were infected in early summer but <i>F.rubra</i> and <i>P.pratensis</i> in late summer or in the autumn. Morphological analysis of spores of <i>P.graminis</i> ssp. <i>graminicola</i> have shoved significant differences between populations obtained from <i>L.perenne</i> and <i>D.caespitosa</i>. Some differences were found between populations from <i>F.rubra</i> and <i>P.pratensis</i> also, but they need more study. Every year occurrence of stem rust on <i>L.perenne</i> and <i>D.caespitosa</i> and its relation with spring temperature in Radzików indicated that populations of patogen could overwinter in local turf. Incidental appearance of stem rust on <i>F.rubra</i> and <i>P.pratensis</i> in centre of Poland allowed to suppose that spores of these forms might be transfer by wind from other regions. The investigation revealed that stem rust can be dangerous for <i>L.perenne</i> grown for seed when infection occurs at flowering time. It has been established that infection of <i>F.rubra</i> and <i>P.pratensis</i> in autumn should not be disregarded. Damages of leaves by <i>P.graminis</i> ssp. <i>graminicola</i> substantially limited plant heading in the next year.