AKTIVITAS ANTIFUNGI DARI EKSTRAK (Mikania micrantha Kunth) TERHADAP Trichophyton mentagrophytes dan Trichophyton rubrum

Abstrak Penyakit kulit yang disebabkan oleh jamur masih sering terjadi dibeberapa kalangan masyarakat. Beberapa tumbuhan mempunyai aktivitas sebagai antifungi masih digunakan oleh masyarakat salah satunya sembung rambat (Mikania micrantha Kunth). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antijamur ekstrak Mikania micrantha Kunth terhadap Trichophyton mentagrophytes dan Trichophyton rubrum. Daun Mikania diekstrak dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96% setelah itu ekstrak diidentifikasi kandungan metabolitnya dan diujikan aktivitas antifungi. Pengujian aktivitas antifungi emnggunakan metode difusi cakram dengan konsentrasi ekstrak sebesar 10%, 20% dan 30%. Kontrol positif yang digunakan adalah ketokonazol 15µg/disk dan kontrol negatif berupa DMSO. Analisis data menggunakan SPSS yaitu uji kruskal wallis dan uji Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak Mikania micrantha dapat menghambat pertumbuhan T. mentagrophytes pada konsentrasi 10%, 20%, dan 30% masing-masing sebesar 6,01 mm,6.51 mm dan 7,05 mm. Sementara pada T.rubrum konsentrasi 10%, 20% dan 30% rata-rata zona hambat masing-masing sebesar 5,68 mm, 6,01 mm, dan 6,51 mm. Hasil uji statistik dengan menggunakan ujikruskal-wallis nilai P-value T.mentagrophytes sebesar 0.042 dan T.rubrum sebesar 0.087 dan pada uji Duncan hasil yang didapat bahwa tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikasi antara zona hambat dengan konsentrasi ekstrak yang diujikan. Keywords: Antifungi; Mikania micrantha; Trichophyton mentagrophytes; Trichophyton rubrum.

​Harmful Effect of the Invasive Weed Mikania micrantha with Special Reference to India: A Review

Mikania micrantha is an economically damaging invasive weed, which is widely naturalized in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. This weed has reported yield losses in various cash crops and plantation crops in South East Asia including India. M. micrantha was found to change the soil microbial communities (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) as well as the soil chemical properties. It enhances a significant increase in aerobic bacteria but decreases in anaerobic bacteria due to which infested soil were free from other weeds. Similarly, in soil chemical characteristics significant increases in pH, total N and P were observed and a decrease in soil organic matter where M. micrantha is prevalent. It has allelopathic properties which affect neighbouring crops, weeds, insects and pathogens. This weed produces allelochemicals (phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenes) that may be released by volatilization and decomposition of plant debris. It was also found that the aqueous leaf extract of invasive weed M. micrantha inhibited seed germination and seedling growth of various cereals, vegetables, and other plants. A similar result was found in test crops but there was no affected case found in the greenhouse experiment. This review will help the researchers and scientists in understanding the harmful effect of this invasive weed.

The Potency of Wound Healing of Nanogel Containing Mikania Micrantha Leaves Extract in Hyperglycemic Rats

Introduction: Mikania micrantha has been used traditionally for wound dressings and promoted the healing of sores. This is due to the content of alkaloids and terpenoids/steroids compounds. Hyperglycemic is a good medium for bacterial growth and inhibits the wound healing process. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the wound healing of nanogels containing MMLE in hyperglycemic rats, as a model for diabetic wounds. Methods: Mikania micrantha leaves were extracted with the maceration method using ethanol 96% in 5 days. Carbopol 940 was used as the gelling agent. The parameters observed during the physical testing of nanogels were organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, and size of the particle. Antibacterial activity was tested on Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Escherichia coli, and wound healing activity in hyperglycemic rats for 14 days observation. Diabetic wound healing was treated with 4 groups (P1, P2, K1, K2). Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: Nanogel showed homogeneity, dark green color, transparency, pH 6.1± 0.1, and particle size range in 255-456 nm. Inhibition zone of antibacterial testing i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Escherichia coli was 10.57 ± 0.26 mm; 9.73 ± 0.21 mm; 8.4 ± 0.1 mm. The percentage of diabetic wound healing was in the range of 92.79±3.81% to 94.08 ± 2.33% for 14 days of observation. Conclusion: MMLE nanogels have the potential as a treatment for diabetic wound healing.

KOMPETISI TANAMAN KANGKUNG (Ipomoea aquatica) DENGAN GULMA SEMBUNG RAMBAT (Mikania micrantha H.B.K.)

Abstrak Sembung rambat merupakan tanaman introduksi yang memiliki daya invasi tinggi, sehingga menjadi gulma di pertanaman kangkung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh kompetisi antara gulma sembung rambat dengan tanaman kangkung. Menggunakan metode penelitian eksperimen dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap 5x5. Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah (A) Kangkung, (B) Kangkung + 1 Sembung rambat, (C) Kangkung + 2 Sembung rambat, (D) Kangkung + 3 Sembung rambat, (E) Kangkung + 4 Sembung rambat. Bila perlakuan mempengaruhi hasil kangkung, analisis dilanjutkan dengan uji lanjut Duncan New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) pada taraf 5%. Hasil menunjukan keberadaan sembung rambat di pertanaman kangkung darat dapat menurunkan tinggi, jumlah daun, diameter batang dan bobot kering kangkung. Penurunan semakain besar dengan bertambahnya jumlah sembung rambat pada pertanaman akibat terjadinya kompetisi terhadap faktor lingkungan yang sama. Dari penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa sembung rambat yang berada di pertanaman kangkung merupakan gulma yang dapat menurunkan hasil panen dan keberadaannya dipertanaman harus dikendalikan.

GC/TOF-MS-Based Metabolomics Reveals Altered Metabolic Profiles in Wood-Feeding Termite Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki Digesting the Weed Mikania micrantha Kunth

Effective approaches to exploiting the biomass of the abundant invasive weed Mikania micrantha Kunth are limited. Termites have been a focus of significant attention as mediators of biomass-processing owing to their ability to digest lignocellulose. Here, the GC/TOF-MS approach was employed to assess the effects of a diet composed of M. micrantha leaves on Coptotermes formosanus workers, with the growth performance of these workers also being assessed. The workers increased their dietary intake when fed M. micrantha leaves, with a concomitant gradual increase in mortality rate. A total of 62 differentially abundant metabolites and nine significantly affected pathways were found when comparing termites fed M. micrantha leaves to pinewood. Key metabolites, including carbohydrates, polyols, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and their related metabolic pathways, suggested that termites can digest and utilize M. micrantha-derived lignocellulose. However, changes in the tryptophan metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, and sphingolipid metabolism suggest an adverse effect of M. micrantha leaves on antioxidant activity and signal transduction in termites. Overall, this study identified the key metabolites and pathways associated with the response of these termites to dietary changes and the effect of M. micrantha on termites.

ASOSIASI LIANA DENGAN TUMBUHAN PENOPANGNYA DI BLOK KOLEKSI TAMAN HUTAN RAYA WAN ABDUL RACHMAN, PROVINSI LAMPUNG

Wan Abdul Rachman Forest Park (Tahura WAR) is an area to maintain nutrient cycling and a center for preservation of biodiversity in Lampung Province, one part of its management is a collection block that functions t o conserve plants, including lianas. Therefore, this study aims to determine the type of liana, the type of support for the liana and the form of association between the liana plant and its supports. The research was conducted with a systematic double plot survey method with a sampling intensity of 2%. The data obtained were analyzed the level of association using the Ochiai Index (OI). The results showed that there were 5 types of lianas in the collection block, namely Piper nigrum, Piper betle, Vanilla planifolia, Passiflora edulis, and Mikania micrantha. Furthermore, 15 types of lianas were found, namely, Ceiba petandra, Theobroma cacao, Durio zibethinus, Hevea brasiliensis, Gnetum gnemon, Persea americana, Pithecellobium lobatum, Gliricidia sepium, Dalbergia latifolia, Naphelium lappiosa, Aleurites moluccana, Cocos speciosa, and nucifera and Intsia palembanica. The real associations in the research location between lianas and their supporting plants were durian and pepper, durian with betel, rubber with sembung, tangkil and sembung, jengkol with pepper, and sonokeling with passion fruit.

​Management Options of Mikania micrantha: A Review

The world’s problematic perennial weed Mikania micrantha hampers in crop production and causes enormous losses due to its interference. Management of M. micrantha by mechanical and chemical methods has not met with any reasonable success. So, it has become a target for classical biological control. Numerous natural indigenous plant species, fungi and insects were tried as bio-control agents for effective control of M. micrantha. However, along with bio-control, appropriate mechanical, chemical and cultural methods are required to be integrated for controlling it. Thus, integrated management approaches for control of M. micrantha should be evolved against this invasive weed in long run.