scholarly journals The California Code

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
Keith Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Operating Systems ◽  
First Century ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
The World ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Slow Collision ◽  
The Way

Underlying so much of the economic and ecological turmoil unfolding in California and the rest of the world now is a slow collision between the operating systems of the resource-wasting, vertically managed twentieth century and the much more volatile ecological and economic conditions of the twenty-first century. This essay argues that California is leading the way in defining a new code to deal responsibly-and profitably-with climate change and its effects.

Fantasiecle

2018 ◽  
pp. 174-196
Author(s):  
Peter Marks
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World Wide Web ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
World Wide ◽  
First Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Sexual Desires ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Way

An English computer whizz invented the twenty-first century. This, of course, is a fantastic claim, but Tim Berners-Lee rightly gets credited for inventing the World Wide Web, which became operational in the 1990s, and which quickly began to shape the way people around the globe learn, communicate, trade, debate, are manipulated, scrutinised and entertained, fall in and out of love, reinvent their identities, engage in politics, and indulge their fantasies and sexual desires. Such a state of affairs might have seemed impossible, or indeed unthinkable, for much of the twentieth century, the stuff of science fiction, although another Englishman had proposed something similar in the late 1930s.

The Nature and Legacy of British Imperial Internment

2020 ◽  
pp. 303-314
Author(s):  
Stefan Manz ◽  
Panikos Panayi
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
British Empire ◽  
First Century ◽  
Great War ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The Great War ◽  
The Way

This chapter begins by highlighting the main findings of the book, including the globalization of internment by the Empire during the Great War and the consequences for individuals and their families, but also the fact that Britain treated those it had incarcerated in a humane way. The chapter examines the return to Germany, its consequences for individuals, and the way in which the German authorities dealt with the former residents of the British Empire. These people, who may not have seen their homeland for decades, made efforts to preserve the memory of their experiences, along with former civilian and military prisoners who came from other states at war with Germany. While the memory of internment may have survived into the interwar years, it disappeared in the second half of the twentieth century, but came back to life in the early twenty-first century, inspired by the centenary of the Great War.

Modern-World Archaeology

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Orser
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Historical Archaeology ◽  
First Century ◽  
Modern World ◽  
World Archaeology ◽  
The World ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Historical Antecedents

Historical archaeology has grown exponentially since its inception. By the beginning of the second decade of the twenty-first century, practitioners of the field had conducted research throughout the world in locales only imagined in the mid-twentieth century. The spread of historical archaeology in Europe, Asia, and Africa—and other places with long, rich documentary histories—has meant that two senses of ‘historical archaeology’ now exist. The creation of modern-world archaeology seeks to define an archaeology of the post-Columbian world as an archaeology explicitly engaged in investigating the historical antecedents of our present age. This chapter explains the rationale behind the creation of modern-world archaeology, outlines some of its central tenets, and provides a brief example of one subject of relevance to the field.

scholarly journals Probabilistic Forecast for Twenty-First-Century Climate Based on Uncertainties in Emissions (Without Policy) and Climate Parameters

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 5175-5204 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Sokolov ◽  
P. H. Stone ◽  
C. E. Forest ◽  
R. Prinn ◽  
M. C. Sarofim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Input Parameter ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
First Century ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Median Surface ◽  
Surface Warming ◽  
Climate Parameters ◽  
Twenty First Century

Abstract The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Integrated Global System Model is used to make probabilistic projections of climate change from 1861 to 2100. Since the model’s first projections were published in 2003, substantial improvements have been made to the model, and improved estimates of the probability distributions of uncertain input parameters have become available. The new projections are considerably warmer than the 2003 projections; for example, the median surface warming in 2091–2100 is 5.1°C compared to 2.4°C in the earlier study. Many changes contribute to the stronger warming; among the more important ones are taking into account the cooling in the second half of the twentieth century due to volcanic eruptions for input parameter estimation and a more sophisticated method for projecting gross domestic product (GDP) growth, which eliminated many low-emission scenarios. However, if recently published data, suggesting stronger twentieth-century ocean warming, are used to determine the input climate parameters, the median projected warming at the end of the twenty-first century is only 4.1°C. Nevertheless, all ensembles of the simulations discussed here produce a much smaller probability of warming less than 2.4°C than implied by the lower bound of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) projected likely range for the A1FI scenario, which has forcing very similar to the median projection in this study. The probability distribution for the surface warming produced by this analysis is more symmetric than the distribution assumed by the IPCC because of a different feedback between the climate and the carbon cycle, resulting from the inclusion in this model of the carbon–nitrogen interaction in the terrestrial ecosystem.

scholarly journals International Cooperation in the Twenty-first Century: Familiar Problems and New Challenges

1997 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-68
Author(s):  
Harold K. Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Community ◽  
First Century ◽  
Nation States ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Twenty First Century

The creation and proliferation of international organizations of various sorts, increasing economic interdependence, the spread of democracy. and the strong leadership played by the United States all worked positively together to facilitate international cooperation during the second half of the twentieth century, overcoming to a great extent the familiar problem of 'cooperation under anarchy. 'But humankind is confronting new challenges as well, arising from the shift in power relations among nation-states and the rise of new issues that call for global. attention. One of the most prominent issues is the protection of environment. It is unclear how easily the formulas that have proved to be so successful in bringing about international cooperation in the twentieth century can be applied to the new challenges. If a series of organised responses to the issue of climate change as shown in the completion and implementation of the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) is any indication, however, the international. community seems to have successfully begun to confront them. The relative promptness of action taken by the international community. the manner in which the issue is negotiated where the principle of equity was directly addressed, the comprehensiveness of the Treaty's scope, and responsible behaviour of the states of the world, all point to broad optimism about international cooperation in the twenty-first century.

Nation

2020 ◽  
pp. 222-236
Author(s):  
Tobias Boes
Keyword(s):  
World Literature ◽  
First Century ◽  
National Literature ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Global Literature ◽  
National Community ◽  
The World ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The Way

Goethe’s 1827 aphorism that ‘national literature is now a rather unmeaning term; the epoch of world literature is at hand’ is cited approvingly in virtually every critical study of the ways authors and literature move about in the world. But is it actually true? As Tobias Boes shows in this contribution, the global literature industry remains subdivided along national lines, with publishers’ catalogues, prize competitions, and trade fairs more or less resembling a ‘cultural Olympiad’. Many twenty-first-century authors struggle with this phenomenon of ‘national exemplification’, as Boes calls it, while other writers derive great commercial benefit from hitching their wagon to the destiny of a national community. This chapter explores whether national exemplification will still be the way forward as we progress into the twenty-first century.

Secularism and Religion in American Education

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathon S. Kahn
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Pedagogical Practices ◽  
American Education ◽  
Character Formation ◽  
Production Of Knowledge ◽  
Secular Education ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The Way

Recent critics of the secular have presented a newly complicated account of secularity, one in which secularity and religion are seen not as separate but as mutually intertwined and interdependent. This chapter uses these new secular critics to reflect on the history and nature of a secular education. It argues that the emergence of American secular education over the course of the twentieth century was tied to power and production of knowledge that, at times, included religious moods and outlooks. Moving forward, secular education would do well to acknowledge and include those religious outlooks into its pedagogical practices. Secular education for the twenty-first century should embrace the way learning necessarily involves character formation. Vibrant modern secular education would be marked by not only the richness of its constrained disagreements, but also by reflection on how those disagreements function liturgically to shape and influence the making of community.

Pentecostal and Charismatic

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Telford Work
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Council Of Churches ◽  
Ecumenical Movement ◽  
The World ◽  
World Council ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Charismatic Christianity

Accounts of Pentecostal ecumenism tend to take two basic shapes. In one, the story of Pentecostal and charismatic ecumenism is subsumed into the wider course of twentieth-century ecumenism, whose centre has been the World Council of Churches. The other regards Pentecostal and charismatic Christianity as an ecumenical movement in its own right, expressed in innumerable informal relationships and recently embodied in the Global Christian Forum. These two popular visions often keep Pentecostals, charismatics, and mainstream ecumenists talking past one another. An inventory of the gifts offered, gifts received, and gifts withheld or rejected among these parties in twentieth- and twenty-first-century ecumenism leads to a different interpretation of their interrelationship. The ecumenical movement at large and Pentecostal and charismatic Christianity itself are both among the renewing tides in Christ’s ecclesial ecumene. The most significant Pentecostal/charismatic contribution to ecumenism may be its own spirit, and vice versa.

From Propagandistic Exploitation to Post-Communist Sensationalism: Beethoven Reception in Twentieth- and Twenty-First-Century Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 113-128
Author(s):  
Florinela Popa
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Regimes ◽  
World War ◽  
Adolf Hitler ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The Way

This paper mainly investigates the way Beethoven’s image was turned, during the totalitarian political regimes of twentieth-century Romania, into a tool of propaganda. Two such ideological annexations are striking: one took place in the period when Romania, as Germany’s ally during World War II and led by Marshall Ion Antonescu, who was loyal to Adolf Hitler, to a certain extent copied the Nazi model (1940–1944); the other, much longer, began when Communists took power in 1947 and lasted until 1989, with some inevitable continuations. The beginnings of contemporary Romanian capitalism in the 1990s brought, in addition to an attempt to depoliticize Beethoven by means of professional, responsible musicological enquiries, no longer grounded in Fascist or Communist ideologies, another type of approach: sensationalist, related to the “identification” of some of Beethoven’s love interests who reportedly lived on the territory of present-day Romania.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Malcolm Dick ◽  
Caroline Archer-Parré
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Art ◽  
First Century ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
200Th Anniversary ◽  
James Watt ◽  
National Hero ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Popular Writing ◽  
The Way

2019 marks the 200th anniversary of the death of James Watt, the scientist and engineer. This chapter introduces the ways in which he has been portrayed in public art, such as William Bloye’s gilded statue of Watt, Matthew Boulton and William Murdock in Birmingham. The Introduction also looks at how Watt as a scientist, engineer and individual has been represented by writers and historians since his death. His depiction as a great man began in his obituary by Francis Jeffrey and continued in the first biographies by François Arago and James Patrick Muirhead. The projection of Watt as a national hero was substantially due to his son, James Watt junior’s filial project to celebrate his father in publications, monuments, paintings and medals. History and popular writing in the twentieth century focused attention on Watt as a steam engineer, which is the way in which he is largely perceived today. The Introduction draws attention to the ways in which writers in this volume have broadened our understanding of Watt in the twenty-first century.

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