Memory Improvement While Hearing Music

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Jay Dowling ◽  
Barbara Tillmann
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Music Perception ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Melodic Contour ◽  
Memory Improvement ◽  
Pitch Level ◽  
Individual Features ◽  
Complex Features

Previous research (Music Perception, 2002, Issue 2) demonstrated improvement in recognition memory across delays increasing from 5 to 15 s while listening to novel music, attributable to a decline in false alarms to similar lures. We hypothesize that this improvement results from delayed binding of features. At short delays, targets and similar lures are easily confused because they share individual features such as melodic contour and musical key. Binding those features into a coherent memory representation—such as encoding the pitch level at which the contour is attached to the scale—reduces that confusion and hence false alarms to similar lures. Here we report eight experiments in which we explore the conditions under which this continued encoding occurs, and test specific hypotheses concerning the particular features involved. These phenomena involve the binding of complex features of nonverbal material, and are explained in terms of theoretical descriptions of the features and the representations resulting from binding. We envisage future studies investigating this binding phenomenon with neurophysiological methods in the study of cognition in aging.

Word length negatively predicts recognition memory performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 1675-1683
Author(s):  
Michael J Cortese ◽  
David Von Nordheim ◽  
Maya M Khanna
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Word Length ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
Orthographic Similarity ◽  
Single Process ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Noise Models

We examined how word length affects performance in three recognition memory experiments to resolve discrepant results in the literature for which there are theoretical implications. Shorter and longer words were equated on frequency, orthographic similarity, age of acquisition, and imageability. In Experiments 1 and 2, orthographic length (i.e., the number of letters in a word) was negatively related to hits minus false alarms. In Experiment 3, recognition performance did not differ between one- and two-syllable words that were equated on orthographic length. These results are compatible with single-process item-noise models that represent orthography in terms of features and in which memory representation strength is a product of the probabilities that the individual features have been stored. Longer words are associated with noisier representations than shorter words.

scholarly journals Neural Correlates of True and False Recognition Memory for Socially Relevant Information in Schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy M Jimenez ◽  
Junghee Lee ◽  
Eric A Reavis ◽  
Jonathan K Wynn ◽  
Michael F Green
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
False Recognition ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Posterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Socially Relevant

Abstract Individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) demonstrate poor recognition memory, even when information is socially relevant. The neural alterations associated with responses to old information that is accurately recognized (true recognition) vs new information inaccurately identified as old (false recognition) are not known. Twenty SZ patients and 16 healthy controls performed a recognition paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using 78 learned target and 78 new distractor words (all socially relevant trait adjectives). Participants were asked to indicate whether they had seen the word before or not. Words were classified according to the subjects’ responses, as hits (true recognition), false alarms (false recognition), correct rejections, or misses and compared for blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) activation. During hits, patients with SZ and controls showed similar BOLD activation in expected areas of lateral prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex. During false alarms, controls activated many of the same regions as were activated during hits. In contrast, patients had reduced activation in lateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann Area, BA, 9, 46), anterior cingulate/paracingulate (BA 24/32, 6), and posterior cingulate cortex (BA 23/31). These results indicate that, compared to controls, patients with SZ exhibit a lack of correspondence between behavior (ie, falsely identifying new items as old) and neural activation patterns (ie, overlap in activation of regions associated with true and false recognition). These findings shed light on the neural mechanisms associated with false recognition memory in SZ.

A Brief Mindfulness Exercise Before Retrieval Reduces Recognition Memory False Alarms

Mindfulness ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 606-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Lloyd ◽  
Angelica Szani ◽  
Kimberly Rubenstein ◽  
Christina Colgary ◽  
Luciane Pereira-Pasarin
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
False Alarms

scholarly journals Stress impacts the fidelity but not strength of emotional memories

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maheen Shermohammed ◽  
Juliet Y. Davidow ◽  
Leah Somerville ◽  
Vishnu Murty
Keyword(s):  
Memory Performance ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Stress Influences

Psychological stress during memory encoding influences resulting memory representations. However, open questions remain regarding how stress interacts with emotional memory. This interaction has mainly been studied by characterizing the correct identification of previously observed material (memory “hits”), with few studies investigating how stress influences the incorrect endorsement of unobserved material as remembered (memory “false alarms”). While hits can provide information about the presence or strength of a memory representation, false alarms provide insight into the fidelity of those representations, indicating to what extent stored memories are confused with similar information presented at retrieval. This study examined the effects of stress on long-term memory for negative and neutral images, considering the separate contributions of hits and false alarms. Participants viewed images after repeated exposure to either a stress or a control manipulation. Stress impaired memory performance for negative pictures and enhanced memory performance for neutral pictures. These effects were driven by false alarms rather than hits: stressed participants false alarmed more often for negative and less often for neutral images. These data suggest that stress undermines the benefits of emotion on memory by changing individuals’ susceptibility towards false alarms, and highlight the need to consider both memory strength and fidelity to characterize differences in memory performance.

Associative Organization in Recognition Memory

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1123-1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Reardon ◽  
Frank Da Polito ◽  
Donald Polzella
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Confidence Judgments ◽  
D Values ◽  
Associative Organization

This article reports an investigation of the effect of organization in word recognition. Ss learned lists of 30 words, 15 presented in associatively related triplets and 15 presenred in associatively unrelated triplets. No difference was found between lists when d' values were used as a measure of recognition performance. However, Ss gave higher confidence judgments for hits and false alarms from associatively related triplets. The results suggest that the familiarity distributions of old and new items may have shifted upward under the organized condition.

scholarly journals Is Relative Pitch Specific to Pitch?

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 1263-1271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh H. McDermott ◽  
Andriana J. Lehr ◽  
Andrew J. Oxenham
Keyword(s):  
Auditory System ◽  
General Feature ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Contour Extraction ◽  
Relative Pitch ◽  
Melodic Contour ◽  
Pitch Level ◽  
Pitch Contours ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Pitch Patterns

Melodies, speech, and other stimuli that vary in pitch are processed largely in terms of the relative pitch differences between sounds. Relative representations permit recognition of pitch patterns despite variations in overall pitch level between instruments or speakers. A key component of relative pitch is the sequence of pitch increases and decreases from note to note, known as the melodic contour. Here we report that contour representations are also produced by patterns in loudness and brightness (an aspect of timbre). The representations of contours in different dimensions evidently have much in common, as contours in one dimension can be readily recognized in other dimensions. Moreover, contours in loudness and brightness are nearly as useful as pitch contours for recognizing familiar melodies that are normally conveyed via pitch. Our results indicate that relative representations via contour extraction are a general feature of the auditory system, and may have a common central locus.

scholarly journals Hungarian Structural Focus: Accessibility to Focused Elements and Their Alternatives in Working Memory and Delayed Recognition Memory

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamás Káldi ◽  
Ágnes Szöllösi ◽  
Anna Babarczy
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Sentence Type ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
Original Sentence ◽  
Delayed Recognition

The present work investigates the memory accessibility of linguistically focused elements and the representation of the alternatives for these elements (i.e., their possible replacements) in Working Memory (WM) and in delayed recognition memory in the case of the Hungarian pre-verbal focus construction (preVf). In two probe recognition experiments we presented preVf and corresponding focusless neutral sentences embedded in five-sentence stories. Stories were followed by the presentation of sentence probes in one of three conditions: (i) the probe was identical to the original sentence in the story, (ii) the focused word (i.e., target) was replaced by a semantically related word and (iii) the target word was replaced by a semantically unrelated but contextually suitable word. In Experiment 1, probes were presented immediately after the stories measuring WM performance, while in Experiment 2, blocks of six stories were presented and sentences were probed with a 2-minute delay measuring delayed recognition memory performance. Results revealed an advantage of the focused element in immediate but not in delayed retrieval. We found no effect of sentence type on the recognition of the two different probe types in WM performance. However, results pertaining to the memory accessibility of focus alternatives in delayed retrieval showed an interference effect resulting in a lower memory performance. We conclude that this effect is indirect evidence for the enhanced activation of focus alternatives. The present work is novel in two respects. First, no study has been conducted on the memory representation of focused elements and their alternatives in the case of the structurally marked Hungarian pre-verbal focus construction. Second, to our knowledge, this is the first study that investigates the focus representation accounts for WM and delayed recognition memory using the same stimuli and same measured variables. Since both experiments used exactly the same stimulus set, and they only differed in terms of the timing of recognition probes, the principle of ceteris paribus fully applied with respect to how we addressed our research question regarding the two different memory systems.

scholarly journals ROC Modelling Data of the Word Frequency Effect: A Formal Model of Visual Word Recognition

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Manuel Pelegrina del Río ◽  
Agustín Wallace Ruiz ◽  
Maria Concepcion ◽  
Moreno Fernandez ◽  
Alvaro Pelegrina Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Word Frequency Effect

This article presents a formal statistical model for assessing the word frequency effect in recognition memory. This topic is relevant because word frequency is the best predictor of performance in recognition memory tasks. Signal Detection Theory was applied using high-frequency and low-frequency words as item-signals. Signal Detection Theory test assumes orthogonality of responses: hits, false alarms, correct rejections, and incorrect rejections. Ninety-six adult male and female students participated in two experiments: one conducted in the laboratory and the other in the class-room. The selected words for memory contained 3 to 5 letters and 1 or 2 syllables to control for length. Significant differences were found between high-frequency and low-frequency words in the number of false alarms for the two experiments. The differences were statistically significant in two experiments. The Cohen effect size was 0.6 and 0.45 respectively. The word frequency effect in first- and second-experiments was F (1, 46) = 4.13, MCE. = 2.34, p = 0.003 and F (1, 46) = 3.71, MCE. = 12.36, p = 0. 01 respectively. A formal model is presented based on the Receiver Operating Characteristic data to assess data trends for high- and low frequency words. Two differentiated models were obtained: a continuous model based on high frequency stimuli and a threshold model based on low frequency stimuli.

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