Effects of Polyphonic Context, Instrumentation, and Metrical Location on Syncopation in Music

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A. G. Witek ◽  
Eric F. Clarke ◽  
Morten L. Kringelbach ◽  
Peter Vuust
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Metrical Structure ◽  
Music Training ◽  
Ecological Associations ◽  
The Stability

In music, the rhythms of different instruments are often syncopated against each other to create tension. Existing perceptual theories of syncopation cannot adequately model such kinds of syncopation since they assume monophony. This study investigates the effects of polyphonic context, instrumentation and metrical location on the salience of syncopations. Musicians and nonmusicians were asked to tap along to rhythmic patterns of a drum kit and rate their stability; in these patterns, syncopations occurred among different numbers of streams, with different instrumentation and at different metrical locations. The results revealed that the stability of syncopations depends on all these factors and music training, in variously interacting ways. It is proposed that listeners’ experiences of syncopations are shaped by polyphonic and instrumental configuration, metrical structure, and individual music training, and a number of possible mechanisms are considered, including the rhythms’ acoustic properties, ecological associations, statistical learning, and timbral differentiation.

scholarly journals Dissociating sensory and cognitive theories of harmony perception through computational modeling

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Harrison ◽  
Marcus Thomas Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Memory Models ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Probabilistic Prediction ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Term Memory

Two approaches exist for explaining harmonic expectation. The sensory approach claims that harmonic expectation is a low-level process driven by sensory responses to acoustic properties of musical sounds. Conversely, the cognitive approach describes harmonic expectation as a high-level cognitive process driven by the recognition of syntactic structure learned through experience. Many previous studies have sought to distinguish these two hypotheses, largely yielding support for the cognitive hypothesis. However, subsequent re-analysis has shown that most of these results can parsimoniously be explained by a computational model from the sensory tradition, namely Leman’s (2000) model of auditory short- term memory (Bigand, Delbé, Poulin-Charronnat, Leman, & Tillmann, 2014). In this research we re-examine the explanatory power of auditory short-term memory models, and compare them to a new model in the Information Dynamics Of Music (IDyOM) tradition, which simulates a cognitive theory of harmony perception based on statistical learning and probabilistic prediction. We test the ability of these models to predict the surprisingness of chords within chord sequences (N = 300), as reported by a sample group of university undergraduates (N = 50). In contrast to previous studies, which typically use artificial stimuli composed in a classical idiom, we use naturalistic chord sequences sampled from a large dataset of popular music. Our results show that the auditory short-term memory models have remarkably low explanatory power in this context. In contrast, the new statistical learning model predicts surprisingness ratings relatively effectively. We conclude that auditory short-term memory is insufficient to explain harmonic expectation, and that cognitive processes of statistical learning and probabilistic prediction provide a viable alternative.

Tonal Orientation

2020 ◽  
pp. 170-202
Author(s):  
Megan Kaes Long
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Tonal Structure ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Structural Levels

The balletto and canzonetta have highly regulated strophic sectional forms. Three characteristics of these forms facilitate tonal expectation: they are comprehensible, and can easily be segmented by a naïve listener, they are highly repetitive, facilitating statistical learning and directing listener attention toward higher structural levels, and they are predictable, both because they are repetitive and because they manipulate consistent generic norms. Together, these features equipped listeners to attend in meaningful ways to ever more remote relationships between dominant and tonic signposts. In turn, composers exploited the stability of form and tonal structure across the repertoire, manipulating formal norms to create meaning.

scholarly journals Measuring the Stability of Results From Supervised Statistical Learning

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Philipp ◽  
Thomas Rusch ◽  
Kurt Hornik ◽  
Carolin Strobl
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Learning ◽  
The Stability

STATISTICAL LEARNING WITH TIME-VARYING PARAMETERS

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce McGough
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Process ◽  
Kalman Filter ◽  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Rational Expectations ◽  
Stability Parameter ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Rational Expectations Equilibrium ◽  
Varying Parameters ◽  
Time Varying Parameters ◽  
The Stability

In their landmark paper, Bray and Savin note that the constant-parameters model used by their agents to form expectations is misspecified and that, using standard econometric techniques, agents may be able to determine the time-varying nature of the model's parameters. Here, we consider the same type of model as employed by Bray and Savin except that our agents form expectations using a perceived model with parameters that vary with time. We assume agents use the Kalman filter to form estimates of these time-varying parameters. We find that, under certain restrictions on the structure of the stochastic process and on the value of the stability parameter, the model will converge to its rational expectations equilibrium. Further, the restrictions on the stability parameter required for convergence are identical to those found by Bray and Savin.

scholarly journals Shelf-Life Evaluation and Lyophilization of PBCA-Based Polymeric Microbubbles

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarun Ojha ◽  
Vertika Pathak ◽  
Natascha Drude ◽  
Marek Weiler ◽  
Dirk Rommel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Rhodamine B ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Signal Generation ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Commercial Platform

Poly(n-butyl cyanoacrylate) microbubbles (PBCA-MB) are extensively employed for functional and molecular ultrasound (US) imaging, as well as for US-mediated drug delivery. To facilitate the use of PBCA-MB as a commercial platform for biomedical applications, it is important to systematically study and improve their stability and shelf-life. In this context, lyophilization (freeze drying) is widely used to increase shelf-life and promote product development. Here, we set out to analyze the stability of standard and rhodamine-B loaded PBCA-MB at three different temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C, and 37 °C), for a period of time of up to 20 weeks. In addition, using sucrose, glucose, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as cryoprotectants, we investigated if PBCA-MB can be lyophilized without affecting their size, concentration, US signal generation properties, and dye retention. Stability assessment showed that PBCA-MB remain largely intact for three and four weeks at 4 °C and 25 °C, respectively, while they disintegrate within one to two weeks at 37 °C, thereby compromising their acoustic properties. Lyophilization analyses demonstrated that PBCA-MB can be efficiently freeze-dried with 5% sucrose and 5% PVP, without changing their size, concentration, and US signal generation properties. Experiments involving rhodamine-B loaded MB indicated that significant dye leakage from the polymeric shell takes place within two to four weeks in case of non-lyophilized PBCA-MB. Lyophilization of rhodamine-loaded PBCA-MB with sucrose and PVP showed that the presence of the dye does not affect the efficiency of freeze-drying, and that the dye is efficiently retained upon MB lyophilization. These findings contribute to the development of PBCA-MB as pharmaceutical products for preclinical and clinical applications.

scholarly journals Humans Rapidly Learn Grammatical Structure in a New Musical Scale

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 377-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Psyche Loui ◽  
David L. Wessel ◽  
Carla L. Hudson Kam
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Musical Scale ◽  
Music Training ◽  
Learning Mechanism ◽  
Passive Exposure ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Finite State ◽  
General Statistical ◽  
Musical Preferences

KNOWLEDGE OF MUSICAL RULES AND STRUCTURES HAS been reliably demonstrated in humans of different ages, cultures, and levels of music training, and has been linked to our musical preferences. However, how humans acquire knowledge of and develop preferences for music remains unknown. The present study shows that humans rapidly develop knowledge and preferences when given limited exposure to a new musical system. Using a nontraditional, unfamiliar musical scale (Bohlen-Pierce scale), we created finite-state musical grammars from which we composed sets of melodies.After 25-30 min of passive exposure to the melodies, participants showed extensive learning as characterized by recognition, generalization, and sensitivity to the event frequencies in their given grammar, as well as increased preference for repeated melodies in the new musical system. Results provide evidence that a domain-general statistical learning mechanism may account for much of the human appreciation for music.

Statistical learning and auditory processing in children with music training: An ERP study

2017 ◽  
Vol 128 (7) ◽  
pp. 1270-1281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pragati Rao Mandikal Vasuki ◽  
Mridula Sharma ◽  
Ronny Ibrahim ◽  
Joanne Arciuli
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Music Training

scholarly journals Langasite as Piezoelectric Substrate for Sensors in Harsh Environments: Investigation of Surface Degradation under High-Temperature Air Atmosphere

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 5978
Author(s):  
Thierry Aubert ◽  
Ninel Kokanyan ◽  
Omar Elmazria
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Annealing Duration ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Air Atmosphere ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Stability

Langasite crystals (LGS) are known for their exceptional piezoelectric properties at high temperatures up to 1000 °C and more. In this respect, many studies have been conducted in order to achieve surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors based on LGS crystals dedicated to high-temperature operations. Operating temperatures of more than 1000 °C and 600 °C for wired and wireless sensors, respectively, have been reached. These outstanding performances have been obtained under an air atmosphere since LGS crystals are not stable in high-temperature conditions under a low-oxygen atmosphere due to their oxide nature. However, if the stability of bulk LGS crystals under a high-temperature air atmosphere is well established, the surface deterioration under such conditions has been hardly investigated, as most of the papers dedicated to LGS-based SAW sensors are essentially focused on the development of thin film electrodes that are able to withstand very elevated temperatures to be combined with LGS crystals. Yet, any surface modification of the substrate can dramatically change the performance of SAW sensors. Consequently, the aim of this paper is to study the stability of the LGS surface under a high-temperature air environment. To do so, LGS substrates have been annealed in an air atmosphere at temperatures between 800 and 1200 °C and for durations between one week and one month. The morphology, microstructure, and chemical composition of the LGS surface was examined before and after annealing treatments by numerous and complementary methods, while the surface acoustic properties have been probed by SAW measurements. These investigations reveal that depending on both the temperature and the annealing duration, many defects with a corolla-like shape appear at the surface of LGS crystals in high-temperature prolonged exposure in an air atmosphere. These defects are related to the formation of a new phase, likely an oxiapatite ternary compound, the chemical formula of which is La14GaxSi9−xO39−x/2. These defects are located on the surface and penetrate into the depth of the sample by no more than 1–2 microns. However, SAW measurements show that the surface acoustic properties are modified by the high-temperature exposure at a larger deepness of at least several tens of microns. These perturbations of the LGS surface acoustic properties could induce, in the case of LGS-based SAW sensors operating in the 434 MHz ISM band, temperature measurement errors around 10 °C.

Open discussion

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 605-613
Author(s):  
P. S. Conti
Keyword(s):  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
List Type ◽  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
Open Discussion ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Ring Nebulae

Conti: One of the main conclusions of the Wolf-Rayet symposium in Buenos Aires was that Wolf-Rayet stars are evolutionary products of massive objects. Some questions:–Do hot helium-rich stars, that are not Wolf-Rayet stars, exist?–What about the stability of helium rich stars of large mass? We know a helium rich star of ∼40 MO. Has the stability something to do with the wind?–Ring nebulae and bubbles : this seems to be a much more common phenomenon than we thought of some years age.–What is the origin of the subtypes? This is important to find a possible matching of scenarios to subtypes.

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