Las presencias de la Reto´´rica en la obra de Alfonso Reyes: Esbozo de una evolucio´´n

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-174
Author(s):  
Eugenia Houvenaghel

The Mexican diplomat Alfonso Reyes (1889––1959) was notable in the cultural panorama of Spanish America in the first half of the 20th century for his acquaintance with classical rhetoric, a discipline rarely studied at that time in that part of the world. This article distinguishes four aspects of rhetoric throughout Reyes' oeuvre: (i) a vulgar sense, (ii) an erudite sense, (iii) classical theories, (iv) and modern applications. In his early work, Reyes uses rhetoric in a pejorative and vulgar sense. Around the year 1940, Reyes starts to show a lively interest in rhetoric, opts definitively for an erudite sense of the term, and initiates the study of the classical art of persuasion. In his third phase, Reyes gains deeper knowledge of rhetoric, lectures on the subject, and explains his favorite orators andtheorists. Finally,his use of rhetoric reveals a commitment to the reality of Spanish America. Reyes' rhetoric is an "actualised" and "Americanised" version that shows the possibilities of the classical art of persuasion in Spanish American society.

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
Venelin Terziev ◽  
Marin Georgiev

The subject of this article is the genesis of the professional culture of personnel management. The last decades of the 20th century were marked by various revolutions - scientific, technical, democratic, informational, sexual, etc. Their cumulative effect has been mostly reflected in the professional revolution that shapes the professional society around the world. This social revolution has global consequences. In addition to its extensive parameters, it also has intensive ones related to the deeply-rooted structural changes in the ways of working and thinking, as well as in the forms of its social organization. The professional revolutions in the history of Modern Times stem from this theory.Employees’ awareness and accountability shall be strengthened. The leader must be able to formulate and bring closer to the employees the vision of the organization and its future goal, to which all shall aspire. He should pay attention not to the "letter" but to the "spirit" of this approach.


Terr Plural ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. e2117741
Author(s):  
Rafael Costa da Silva ◽  
◽  
Antonio Carlos Sequeira Fernandes ◽  

The sedimentary layers of Anitápolis, Santa Catarina, were the subject of relevant discussions about age and paleoenvironment in the first half of the 20th century. Today they are correlated to the ritmites from Itararé Group, but some of the fossils that are part of these studies were not subsequently revised. This is the case of Oliveirania santa catharinae (sic) Maury 1927, a species originally attributed to annelids, and the ichnofossils attributed to it by association. The Annelida fossils were considered here as pseudofossils of inorganic origin. The ichnofossils attributed to Oliveirania were redescribed as a new ichnospecies, Pterichnus mauryae isp. nov., possibly related to the activity of crustaceans. This is the first occurrence of Pterichnus in Brazil and the oldest in the world.


Author(s):  
Magdalena Kostova-Panayotova

The main Avant-garde trend in the first third of the 20th century, Futurism, through its various groups and creative personalities, upholds its own conception of art and creator, strives to give a contemporary image of the world, to reveal the hidden essence of things, the inner relation of the elements. According to Futurism, art is meant to change lives, but not as it seems in the writings of nineteenth-century realists: by influencing the rational and changing the mind of the reader. The development of a new artistic expression, in a new poetic language, the use of contemporary forms of artistic conditionality have become major tasks for the generation of poets and artists from the 1910s. Poet futurists reduce the language of literature to its traditional understandings, neglect its inherent rules and laws, because they accept it as something external to the subject, which impedes the expression of its essence. From the depiction of the object to its expression - this is how the break in the creative mind of the futuristic author can be characterized. The linguistic revolution, effected with poetic means by the futurists, is a desperate and utopian attempt to acquire the organic integrity of the world, thirsting for its transformation. Thanks to futurism, the register of poetic techniques was expanded in the 20th century and directions were created for the creation of new expressive means of writing poetic text.


2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (14) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Rogério Miranda de Almeida ◽  
Irineu Letenski

Estas reflexões têm como objetivo principal analisar a crise dos fundamentos das ciências modernas na perspectiva de Edmund Husserl. Com efeito, na primeira metade do século XX, o autor das Investigações lógicas levanta o brado em torno da existência de uma crise científica e, ao mesmo tempo, procura diagnosticar as causas e remediar os males que acarretaram tal crise. Mais precisamente, o pensamento husserliano tem como ponto de partida a crítica aos limites e à possibilidade do conhecimento proposto pelas filosofias de Descartes e de Kant. Mas Husserl ataca igualmente o espírito reducionista do positivismo científico – com o desenvolvimento e a sofisticação de suas técnicas – assim como a imposição não menos reducionista do historicismo que, ao afastarem o “sujeito do mundo”, romperam suas “relações primigênias”, espoliando assim o papel do sujeito na construção do conhecimento.Abstract: These reflections aim principally at analyzing the crisis of the modern science foundations from Edmund Husserl’s perspective. Indeed, at the first half of the 20th century, the author of Logical Investigations points vehemently out to the existence of a scientific crisis and tries, at the same time, to diagnose the causes and to show a solution to the disadvantages that brought about such a crisis. More precisely, the Husserlian thought has as its starting point the critique against the limits and the possibilities of knowledge proposed by the philosophies of Descartes and Kant. However, Husserl also attacks the reducing spirit of scientific positivism – together with the development and sophistication of its techniques – as well as the no less reducing and imposing historicism. Both trends have not only removed the “world subject”, but also disrupted its “primeval relations” having, thus, deprived the role of the subject in the construction of knowledge.Keywords: Husserl, crisis, sciences, subject, knowledge.  


2018 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 01086
Author(s):  
Evgeny Korobeinikov ◽  
Denis Khabibulin ◽  
Evgeny Tsapov ◽  
Olesya Golubeva

This paper examines the cultural heritage of the end of the 19th- the beginning of the 20th century, which period is known for the crisis that struck all the spheres of life of the time – social and economic, political, philosophical, aesthetic. It is for this reason that the intellectuals of the time reflected on the crisis in their artistic, philosophical and spiritual search. In particular, this can be traced in the works of Russian and foreign modernists. In that period, the problem of creative cognition as a special ideology and a way to create life becomes of particular importance. The relevance of this work is defined by striving to outline certain approaches to solving this problem. The aim of this research is to identify the particularities of the subject-object relationship and how it forms in a literary work while enabling the author to build an adequate symbolist picture of the world, to transform and create it. The aspect examined by the authors of this article will help analyse the system of symbolism, just like any other theory, from the philosophical standpoint. One can use the results of this research when developing new programmes for basic and special courses in the history of 20th-century Russian literature and culture to be taught at university or at school.


2004 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-21
Author(s):  

AbstractThe law of international organizations, including the institutional law, has been somewhat neglected in the past, even though, or perhaps because, international organizations are creations largely of the 20th century. In my treatise on Principles of the Institutional Law of International Organizations, first published in late 1996 and going now, at the request of the publisher, into a second edition, I directed attention, perhaps in a seminal way, to this institutional law, its importance and its qualification to be considered a specific category not only of general international law but also of international organizational law. In my view there is ample room for further thorough study of various aspects particularly of this law without neglecting the functional international law of international organizations. Apart from principle, their application or non-application in practice may usefully be studied. This by itself justifies a law journal devoted to the subject of international organizational law in general. Moreover, the justification is further reinforced by the fact that now international organizations have become a feature of everyday life in the world. Here, at the risk of repeating what I have said in my book referred to above, because such repetition can only emphasize the importance of the subject matter, I shall concentrate on four aspects which are relevant to international organizational law, to its importance as a part of international law and to its influence on international relations: (i) the pervasiveness of international organizations; (ii) the concept of international institutional law; (iii) its nature; and (iv) its sources.


1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 452-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan Beveridge
Keyword(s):  

In Scotland's National Portrait Gallery, there hangs the only portrait of a 20th century Scottish psychiatrist to have been commissioned by this pantheon to the country's great and good. The subject of the painting is, of course, R. D. Laing, who was not only Scotland's most famous psychiatrist, but, for a brief period in the 1960s and early 1970s, the most famous psychiatrist in the world. He was the world's first media psychiatrist, and his books sold in millions and were translated into more than 20 languages.


2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 318-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy E. Spencer ◽  
Lisa R. McClung

Numerous scholars have assessed the status of women in sport during the last decade of the 20th century (Acosta & Carpenter, 2000; Andrews, 1998; Borcila, 2000; Cole, 2000; Eastman & Billings, 1999; McDonald, 1999; Starr & Brant, 1999). Perhaps the nineties can be best characterized by the familiar Dickens adage that “it was the best of times, it was the worst of times.” At a time when the 1999 U.S. Women's soccer team captured the World Cup and the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) enjoyed increasing popularity, it seemed that women's sports were never more visible. So, how could this be the worst of times? While women now receive heretofore-unprecedented coverage, evidence suggests that certain images continue to be privileged over others. In this paper, we assess the current status of women in sport in light of an article that appeared on the subject a decade earlier.


2014 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 351-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewelina Drzewiecka

The end of eschatology? Searching for a modus existendi according to (post-)modern Bulgarian apocryphaThe paper is an attempt to reflect on the place of eschatological themes in modern and post-modern Bulgarian literature from the viewpoint of the istory of ideas. The objective of the study is literary paraphrases of the evangelical history of the 20th and early 21st centuries, which are perceived as modern apocrypha and thus as evidence of philosophical exploration of the epoch. These are placed in the context of three worldview systems competing in Europe: Judeo-Christian, Gnostic (Esoteric), and rationalistic (the Enlightenment), which considered as a epistemological paradigms (or ideal types) serve only as a hermeneutic perspective. In this light, the authors’ paraphrases about God’s Kingdom (and its Prophet and Messiah) give a diagnosis about the present crisis (of values), and therefore define an evil, speaking in fact about the Bulgarian search for a Modus Existendi. Their soteriological proposal bring about an eschatological perspective, revealing some ethical concepts (hidden in the author’s anthropology). The subject of interest relates to sources of salvation (i.e. the higher good), which manifest itself in the concepts of time (and narrative). Therefore, at the philosophical heart of the paper is Charles Taylor’s idea about the fundamental relation between the concepts of good, self, narrative and society. The analyses are provided in the light of the philosophical reflections of Agata Bielik-Robson, Philip Rieff, Paul Ricoeur, Luis Dupré, and Jacob Taubes.The main aim of the paper is to reveal the progressive process of internalising the sources of salvation, which makes the eschatological perspective disappear. Therefore, after a brief presentation of the Judeo-Christian and Gnostic apocrypha from the first half of the 20th century,in which the promise of (some king of) salvation is still valid, it is shown that most of the Bulgarian apocrypha written after 1989 create an absolutely nihilistic message, since with the help of the positive pattern they give a radically negative interpretation of the world, and thus essentially announce a complete lack of hope for its improvement. Paradoxically however, by creating a world without a good end, by revealing the mechanism of slipping into a Neognostic worldview (based on the reversed Gnostic spiritual monism), the Bulgarian apocrypha illustrate the need for a (re)dynamisation of the axiological sphere, the need for a restoration of multidimensional existence. In consequence, a connection is pointed out – according to Taubes – between the condition of the eschatological man, who pins his hope on the future, and the messianic necessity to approve the ontological leap. Koniec eschatologii? Poszukiwania modus existendi w świetle (po)nowoczesnych apokryfów bułgarskichArtykuł jest próbą refleksji nad miejscem motywów eschatologicznych w nowoczesnej i ponowoczesnej literaturze bułgarskiej z punktu widzenia historii idei. Przedmiotem badania są literackie parafrazy wątków ewangelijnych z XX i początku XXI wieku, które postrzegane są jako nowoczesne apokryfy, i w efekcie jako świadectwa poszukiwań światopoglądowych epoki. Teksty umieszone zostały w kontekście trzech konkurujących ze sobą na gruncie kultury europejskiej światopoglądów: judeochrześcijańskiego, gnostyckiego (ezoterycznego) i racjonalistycznego (oświeceniowego), której wszakże pojęte jako paradygmaty epistemo­logiczne (lub typy idealne) służą jedynie jako perspektywy hermeneutyczne. W tym świetle autorskie parafrazy o Królestwie Bożym (oraz jego proroku i Mesjaszu) budują diagnozę na temat aktualnego kryzysu (wartości) i w efekcie definiują zło, tj. ukazują w istocie bułgarskie poszukiwania Modus Existendi. Ich soteriologiczna propozycja aktualizuje perspektywę eschatologiczną, odsłaniającą koncepcje etyczne (ukryte w autorskiej antropologii). Przed­miotem uwagi są źródła zbawienia (tj. dobro najwyższe), które ujawniają się w koncepcji czasu (i narracji). W konsekwencji, u podstaw badania znajduje się pogląd Charlesa Taylor na temat fundamentalnego związku między koncepcjami dobra, „ja”, narracji i społeczeństwa. Analiza prowadzona jest przez pryzmat refleksji filozoficznej Agaty Bielik-Robson, Philipa Rieffa, Paula Ricoeura, Luisa Dupré i Jacoba Taubesa.Celem artykułu jest ukazanie postępującego procesu uwewnętrzniania źródeł zbawienia, powodującego zanikanie perspektywy eschatologicznej. W konsekwencji, po skrótowej prezentacji apokryfów judeochrześcijańskich i gnostyckich z pierwszej połowy XX wieku, w których to obiet­nica (jakiegoś) zbawienia jest wciąż aktualna, pokazane jest, że większość apokryfów napisanych po 1989 roku tworzy przekaz absolutnie nihilistyczny, ponieważ za pomocą wzoru pozytywnego oferują radykalnie negatywne ujęcie świata i tak w istocie głoszą kompletny brak nadziei na jego poprawę. Paradoksalnie, jednak poprzez stworzenie świata bez dobrego końca, poprzez ujaw­nianie mechanizmu osuwania się w światopogląd neognostycka (oparty o odwrócony gnostycki monizm spirytualistyczny), apokryfy bułgarskie ilustrują potrzebę ponownego zdynamizowania sfery aksjologicznej, potrzebę odbudowania wielkowymiarowości egzystencji. W konsekwencji, wskazany jest związek – w myśl Taubesa – między kondycją człowieka eschatologicznego, który lokuje swą nadzieję w przyszłości, a mesjaniczną potrzebą afirmacji ontologicznego odstępu.


2019 ◽  
pp. 377-385
Author(s):  
Ignacio M. Sánchez-Prado

Mexican writer and intellectual Alfonso Reyes has historically enjoyed a strong reputation as a Hispanist. He was one of the first Latin American intellectuals to engage Spain in the 20th century, becoming close to figures such as José Ortega y Gasset in the 1920, as well as a privileged reader of Góngora in the Spanish American context. Later on, Reyes was a crucial figure in allowing the Spanish Exile in Mexico to integrate to the tissue of Mexico’s cultural field. The affinities that Reyes had with his Spanish counterparts have obscured the fact that, alongside his Hispanism, he also was a strong critic of the idea of Spain as the center of Spanish-language culture and the false symmetry between Spain and Latin America as equal parts of an equation. Using his highly critical Vísperas de España as a departing point, the proposed paper will argue that Reyes was in fact “Provincializing Spain”, to borrow Dipesh Chakrabarty’s expression, that is challenging the status of Spain as the Transatlantic metropolis and questioning the supposed spiritual unity between Spain and Latin America posed by intellectuals at the time.


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