THE CONCEPT OF KUNSTLEHRE IN THE HUSSERL’S PHENOMENOLOGY

The article proposes a reconstruction of the Kunstlehre concept, which occupies an important place in the structural and disciplinary section of Husserl's phenomenology. The key point of the presented reconstruction is its separation from the traditional interpretation of Kunstlehre criticized by Husserl and the advancement of a new project that coordinates three levels – theoretical, normative and practical. The theoretical level (pure logic), being complementary to the normative level (pure norms of reason), forms the basis of the disciplines represented by the program of science of knowledge (Wissenschaftslehre). The scientific study program falls on the period of the so- called logicism of Husserl, regarding which there is an opinion in the research literature that it was interrupted by the founder of phenomenology immediately after the writing of the first volume of “Logical Investigations”. However, on the basis of textual arguments, we show that this program was extended by Husserl up to his last works. The nature of this expansion is related to the practical level of Kunstlehre (transcendental phenomenology). The main task of this level was to provide science and scientists with noetic conditions, i.e. skills of transcendental criticism of consciousness. It is suggested that the presented reconstruction of Kunstlehre shows the permanent development of the program of logicism by Husserl, and also demonstrates the connection of this program with transcendental phenomenology.

Analoga and Phantasmata: On the Intuitiveness of Imagination in Husserl and Sartre

In this essay, I study the departure performed in The Imaginary (Sartre, 1940) from the Husserlian position spanning from the Logical Investigations and the 1904/1905 lectures on the imagination. In Sartre’s conception, the imagination in its two forms (“physical image,” “mental image”) is never intuitive. Moreover, in an act of imagination we can never find immanent sensible contents. In Husserl, the imagination in its two forms (“imaging consciousness,” “phantasia”), is a sensible intuition, like perception. Furthermore, every act of imagination apprehends immanent sensible contents (phantasmata).

Questions to Michael Dunn

We present nine questions related to the concept of negation and, in passing, we refer to connections with the essays in this special issue. The questions were submitted to one of the most eminent logicians who contributed to the theory of negation, Prof. (Jon) Michael Dunn, but, unfortunately, Prof. Dunn was no longer able to answer them. Michael Dunn passed away on 5 April 2021, and the present special issue of Logical Investigations is dedicated to his memory. The questions concern (i) negation-related topics that have particularly interested Michael Dunn or to which he has made important contributions, (ii) some controversial aspects of the logical analysis of the concept of negation, or (iii) simply properties of negation in which we are especially interested. Though sadly and regrettably unanswered by the distinguished scholar who intended to reply, the questions remain and might stimulate answers by other logicians and further research.

A Micronutrient Mixture may Reduce the incidence and Improve the Effectiveness of Drug Therapy of Alzheimer’s Disease

Costus species is a significant restorative and decorative plant used to fix various illnesses. In India 6,000 plants are used for traditional and herbal medicine. The plant Costus spicatus commonly known as ‘Spiral ginger’ as ‘insulin plant’, a wonder drug down blood sugar level and hypoglycemic properties. The plant has been found to have numerous pharmacological exercises, for example, antibacterial, antifungal, anticholineesterase, cancer prevention agent, antihyperglycemic, calming, pain relieving, antipyretic, antidiuretic, antistress and estrogenic action. The rhizomes of Costus species are harsh, astringent, bitter, cooling, love potion, laxative, anthelminthic, depurative, febrifuge, expectorant, tonic, improve assimilation, and is an energizer herb that clears poisons. It additionally has against richness, anabolic properties. This audit plainly demonstrates the need to perform logical investigations with therapeutic vegetation featuring potential for Costus species because of its antidiabetic, pharmacological and cell reinforcement properties. The rhizome is credited with purgative and tonic properties. India is a botanical garden of the world for natural resources.

A Literature Review of Anti- Diabetic Medicinal Plant Properties (Costus speices)

Costus species is a significant restorative and decorative plant used to fix various illnesses. In India 6,000 plants are used for traditional and herbal medicine. The plant Costus spicatus commonly known as ‘Spiral ginger’ as ‘insulin plant’, a wonder drug down blood sugar level and hypoglycemic properties. The plant has been found to have numerous pharmacological exercises, for example, antibacterial, antifungal, anticholineesterase, cancer prevention agent, antihyperglycemic, calming, pain relieving, antipyretic, antidiuretic, antistress and estrogenic action. The rhizomes of Costus species are harsh, astringent, bitter, cooling, love potion, laxative, anthelminthic, depurative, febrifuge, expectorant, tonic, improve assimilation, and is an energizer herb that clears poisons. It additionally has against richness, anabolic properties. This audit plainly demonstrates the need to perform logical investigations with therapeutic vegetation featuring potential for Costus species because of its antidiabetic, pharmacological and cell reinforcement properties. The rhizome is credited with purgative and tonic properties. India is a botanical garden of the world for natural resources.

La evidencia en los Prolegómenos y las Investigaciones lógicas

La determinación husserliana de la evidencia como cumplimiento [Erfüllung] llevó a una tácita identificación de la evidencia con la conciencia plena. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de su fenomenología revela que en todo caso se presenta como una síntesis particular de plenitud y vacío, configuración que resulta modal por tratarse de una conciencia de posibilidad aunque en un sentido material y no cualitativo. Los Prolegómenos aportan un primer elemento en esta línea –que sólo en la fenomenología genética resulta explícita–: la evidencia como vivencia de la verdad supone que la validez de un enunciado se sustenta en la posibilidad de la existencia de otros enunciados idénticos de la misma forma y materia; con las Investigaciones lógicas, estas multiplicidades posibles serán comprendidas como momentos en un nuevo contexto descriptivo: la mención y el cumplimiento, lo cual otorga estatuto intencional a la objetividad que se configura como escorzo de sentido, esto es, el modo en que la unidad determinada de plenitud y vacío –en cuanto horizonte de cumplimiento posible– conforma la evidencia objetiva.Husserlian determination of evidence as fulfillment [Erfüllung] brought a tacit identification of evidence with full consciousness. However, the development of his phenomenology reveals that it always appears as a particular synthesis of fullness and emptiness, configuration that turns out to be modal because it is a consciousness of possibility though in a material and not qualitative sense. The Prolegomena introduce a first element in this perspective –that only in the genetic phenomenology becomes explicit–: evidence as experience of truth supposes that the validity of a judgment supports itself in the possibility of existence of other identical judgments with the same form and matter; with the Logical Investigations, this possible multiplicities will be understood as moments in a new descriptive context: mention and fulfillment, whereby objectivity –configured as adumbration of sense– acquires intentional status, i. e., the mode in which the determined unity of fullness and emptiness –as horizon of possible fulfillment– shapes objective evidence.

Knowledge by Hearing

In this paper, I argue that Husserl offers an important, although almost completely neglected so far, contribution to the reductionist/antireductionist debate about testimony. Through a phenomenological analysis, Husserl shows that testimony works through the constitution of an intentional intersubjective bond between the speaker and the hearer. In this paper I focus on the Logical Investigations, a 1914 manuscript now published as text 2 in Husserliana 20.2, and a 1931 manuscript now published as Appendix 12 in Husserliana 15. I argue that, in those texts, Husserl highlights three essential phenomenological features of testimony: a) testimony is personal, meaning that it only takes place among persons, b) testimony is social, meaning that it requires the joint effort of multiple cognitive agents, c) testimony is community-building, meaning that it generates a long-lasting social bond among the parts involved.