Stages and Sequences of Initiation and Regular Substance Use in a Longitudinal Cohort of Black and White Male Adolescents*

Abstract To contain the spread of COVID-19, experts emphasize the importance of wearing masks. Unfortunately, this practice may put black people at elevated risk for being seen as potential threats by some Americans. In this study, we evaluate whether and how different types of masks affect perceptions of black and white male models. We find that non-black respondents perceive a black male model as more threatening and less trustworthy when he is wearing a bandana or a cloth mask than when he is not wearing his face covering—especially those respondents who score above average in racial resentment, a common measure of racial bias. When he is wearing a surgical mask, however, they do not perceive him as more threatening or less trustworthy. Further, it is not that non-black respondents find bandana and cloth masks problematic in general. In fact, the white model in our study is perceived more positively when he is wearing all types of face coverings. Although mandated mask wearing is an ostensibly race-neutral policy, our findings demonstrate the potential implications are not.

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Touchdown! Sentenced: Investigating Disciplinary Actions against Black and White Male Athletes in the National Football League (NFL) and Criminality in United States Society

The International Journal of Sport and Society ◽

10.18848/2152-7857/cgp/v12i01/205-222 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 205-222

Author(s):

Sean Pradhan ◽

Marianne Marar Yacobian

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

National Football League ◽

White Male ◽

Disciplinary Actions ◽

Male Athletes ◽

Black And White

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Male Youth Activities and Metropolitan Context

Environment and Planning A Economy and Space ◽

10.1068/a300385 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 385-399 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S R Holloway

Keyword(s):

Black Male ◽

Metropolitan Areas ◽

White Male ◽

The United States ◽

Theoretical Understanding ◽

Trade Off ◽

Black And White ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Activity Choices ◽

The Impact

The research reported here examines the impact of metropolitan location on the activity choices of a sample of black and white male youths living in large metropolitan areas in the United States in 1980. The results of the analysis confirm that similar youths living in different metropolitan areas will make different activity choices. Furthermore, black male youths are found to be substantially more sensitive to metropolitan context than white male youths. The analysis also suggests that black and white disadvantaged youths respond differently to metropolitan context in terms of the trade-offs between activities. Disadvantaged black male youths are highly unlikely to be employed in all metropolitan areas and tend to trade-off staying in school with idleness, whereas disadvantaged white male youths tend to trade-off employment with idleness, depending on the metropolitan area they live in. This research confirms the importance of incorporating geographic context into our theoretical understanding of male youths' behavior. We must also, however, continue to address the implications of race as it shapes the context-dependent labor-market experiences of male youths.

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THE ENDURING SIGNIFICANCE OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISPARITIES IN MALE VIOLENT VICTIMIZATION, 1973–2010

Du Bois Review Social Science Research on Race ◽

10.1017/s1742058x18000097 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 69-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Janet L. Lauritsen ◽

Karen Heimer ◽

Joseph B. Lang

Keyword(s):

Race And Ethnicity ◽

White Male ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

Violent Victimization ◽

Crime Victimization ◽

Individual Level ◽

Black And White ◽

White Males ◽

Poverty Status ◽

The Relationship

AbstractLatino and Black males are more likely to suffer serious violent victimization compared to White males, and it is likely that economic disadvantage and other individual level differences play a key role in these disparities. This study of self-reported data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (1973–2010) is the first effort to assess three important issues: 1) the extent to which the relationship between serious violent victimization and race and ethnicity can be accounted for by age, location of residence, poverty status, and employment; 2) whether these factors have similar influences among Black, White, and Latino males; and 3) whether the net risk for violence associated with race and ethnicity has diminished over time. Our results show that disparities between Black and White male violent victimization decrease approximately 70% once age, location of residence, poverty status, and employment are taken into account, and that differences between Latinos and White males are fully accounted for by these factors. Poverty status is the only factor that varies in the strength of its association with violence across groups. We also find little evidence to suggest that the association between race, ethnicity and victimization risk changed significantly from 1973 to 2010, once other factors are considered. Despite notable declines in violence over this time period, Black and White disparities in male victimization persist over the past four decades; however, the relationship between poverty status and violence has increased some for Black and White males.

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Underweight, overweight and obesity among South African adolescents: results of the 2002 National Youth Risk Behaviour Survey

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980008002656 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 203-207 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

SP Reddy ◽

K Resnicow ◽

S James ◽

N Kambaran ◽

R Omardien ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South African ◽

White Students ◽

Economic Transition ◽

White Male ◽

Risk Behaviour ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Black And White ◽

South African School ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

And Control

AbstractObjectiveThe present paper reports the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity by gender, ethnicity and grade, among participants in a 2002 national survey among South African school-going youth that included height and weight measurements.DesignA stratified two-stage sample was used. Nationally representative rates of underweight, overweight and obesity were calculated using weighted survey data and compared using χ2 analysis.SettingIn all, 9224 grade 8 to grade 11 students, present at school in selected classes within selected South African government-funded schools in all nine provinces, participated in this study. Most of the students were between 13 and 19 years of age.ResultsHigher rates of underweight were observed for males than females as well as for black and ‘coloured’ than white students. Within each gender group, black and ‘coloured’ students had significantly higher rates of underweight than their white counterparts. Higher percentages of females than males were overweight and obese, overall and among black students. Furthermore, white male students had significantly higher rates of overweight than their black and ‘coloured’ counterparts. Among females, black and white students had significantly higher rates than ‘coloured’ students. Students in higher grades showed significantly lower rates of underweight and higher rates of overweight.DiscussionThese data confirm that South Africa, a developing nation in socio-economic transition, is experiencing both undernutrition and overnutrition. However, these problems are disproportionately distributed by gender, socio-economics and ethnicity. Continued surveillance of nutritional status may be one important component of a national strategy to prevent and control malnutrition.

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Racial Differences in Time at Work Not Working

ILR Review ◽

10.1177/00197939211063863 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 001979392110638

Author(s):

William A. Darity ◽

Darrick Hamilton ◽

Samuel L. Myers ◽

Gregory N. Price ◽

Man Xu

Keyword(s):

Racial Differences ◽

Wage Gap ◽

White Male ◽

American Time Use Survey ◽

Black And White ◽

White Males ◽

Time Use Survey ◽

Survey Estimates ◽

Wage Earnings ◽

Response Errors

Racial differences in effort at work, if they exist, can potentially explain race-based wage/earnings disparities in the labor market. The authors estimate specifications of time spent on non-work activities at work by Black and White males and females with data from the American Time Use Survey. Estimates reveal that trivially small differences occur between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White males in time spent not working while on the job that disappear entirely when correcting for non-response errors. The findings imply that Black–White male differences in the fraction of the workday spent not working are either not large enough to partially explain the Black–White wage gap, or simply do not exist at all.

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