scholarly journals Pećnjaci iz drvenog objekta podignutoga na ruševinama srednjovjekovnoga burga Vrbovca kod Huma na Sutli

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Tkalčec
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Foundation Pit ◽  
Wooden Structure ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Excellent Source

Archaeological excavations have been carried out over a series of years in the northwestern-most part of the Hrvatsko zagorje region, at Hum na Sutli, at a castle whose medieval name was Vrbovec. Burg was mentioned in rare historical sources in the period from the second half of the 13th century to the second half of the 15th century. The excavations have resulted in data about its earlier beginnings, as well as its lengthier continuation, in fact a subsequent utilization if the medieval position in the early modern period, i.e. in the 16th century. The remains of a wooden structure, probably a tower destroyed by fire, were found at the site, built on the ruins of the medieval castle (Fig. 1). On the basis of the width of the foundation pit for this wooden structure, it can be concluded that this was a building constructed of massive wooden beams or the structure had several levels. The remains of a demolished tile stove were also found. The stove was covered with three types of tiles – tiles with a solid front decorative panel depicting a hunting scene (Fig. 2, Pl. 1/1), tiles with a perforated front panel decorated with architectural motifs (Fig. 3, Pl. 1/2), and simple bowl-shaped ties with a square opening (Fig. 4, Pl. 1/3). The first type of tile represents a copy of the kind of tiles that were found at the Celje castle, where they were dated to the last quarter of the 15th century and the transition from the 15th to the 16th centuries. On the basis of the stratigraphy of the finds, the typology of the stove tiles, and radiocarbon analyses, the tile stove from Vrbovec is dated to the second half of the 16th century. Although there is no specific mention of this in the historical sources, the early modern period horizon of the ruins at the medieval castle of Vrbovec should be tied to the aristocratic Rattkay family. The burg Vrbovec at Klenovec Humski with this discovery has become not merely an archaeological source for the medieval period, but also an excellent source for investigating the early modern period.

scholarly journals Plague, Practice, and Prescriptive Text

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 152-178
Author(s):  
Moshe Dovid Chechik ◽  
Tamara Morsel-Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Status ◽  
Accepted Practice ◽  
At Home

Abstract This article studies the fate of a contradiction between practice and prescriptive text in 16th-century Ashkenaz. The practice was fleeing a plagued city, which contradicted a Talmudic passage requiring self-isolation at home when plague strikes. The emergence of this contradiction as a halakhic problem and its various forms of resolution are analyzed as a case study for the development of halakhic literature in early modern Ashkenaz. The Talmudic text was not considered a challenge to the accepted practice prior to the early modern period. The conflict between practice and Talmud gradually emerged as a halakhic problem in 15th-century rabbinic sources. These sources mixed legal and non-legal material, leaving the status of this contradiction ambiguous. The 16th century saw a variety of solutions to the problem in different halakhic writings, each with their own dynamics, type of authority, possibilities, and limitations. This variety reflects the crystallization of separate genres of halakhic literature.

scholarly journals Scottish Lettering of the 16th century

2018 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
pp. 219-241
Author(s):  
Aidan Harrison ◽  
Charles J Burnett
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
James Iv ◽  
National Significance

Surviving visual culture from the early modern period that can be described as particularly Scottish in style is scarce. As a result, any evidence of such artistry is of national significance. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to a form of lettering which was used for the display of short inscriptions and initials in Scotland throughout the 16th century. Surviving examples are almost exclusively carved in relief in durable wood and stone. This distinctive letterform is drawn from the transitional styles which briefly appeared at the end of the 15th century as French artists and scribes transferred their allegiance from their traditional ornate Gothic capitals to the bold, simple Roman forms of the Renaissance. While a number of experimental letterforms fleetingly appeared elsewhere across northern Europe, Scottish scholars absorbed these new influences in France and developed them into a distinctive form which persisted in Scotland for over a century. After its first known appearance at the marriage of King James IV to Margaret Tudor in Edinburgh in 1503, the evidence suggests that the use of Scottish Lettering became confined to Aberdeen and the north-east, primarily in pre Reformation ecclesiastical applications. Following the Reformation, it became largely restricted to secular and funerary inscriptions.

Moscow: The Third Rome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Mayhew
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Human Soul ◽  
The Third ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Imperial Ideology ◽  
The City ◽  
Modern Russian

In the mid-19th century, three 16th-century Russian sources were published that alluded to Moscow as the “third Rome.” When 19th-century Russian historians discovered these texts, many interpreted them as evidence of an ancient imperial ideology of endless expansion, an ideology that would go on to define Russian foreign policy from the 16th century to the modern day. But what did these 16th-century depictions of Moscow as the third Rome actually have in mind? Did their meaning remain stable or did it change over the course of the early modern period? And how significant were they to early modern Russian imperial ideology more broadly? Scholars have pointed out that one cannot assume that depictions of Moscow as the third Rome were necessarily meant to be imperial celebrations per se. After all, the Muscovites considered that the first Rome fell for various heretical beliefs, in particular that Christ did not possess a human soul, and the second Rome, Constantinople, fell to the Turks in 1453 precisely because it had accepted some of these heretical “Latin” doctrines. As such, the image of Moscow as the third Rome might have marked a celebration of the city as a new imperial center, but it could also allude to Moscow’s duty to protect the “true” Orthodox faith after the fall—actual and theological—of Rome and Constantinople. As time progressed, however, the nuances of religious polemic once captured by the trope were lost. During the 17th and early 18th centuries, the image of Moscow as the third Rome took on a more unequivocally imperialist tone. Nonetheless, it would be easy to overstate the significance of allusions to Moscow as the third Rome to early modern Russian imperial ideology more broadly. Not only was the trope rare and by no means the only imperial comparison to be found in Muscovite literature, it was also ignored by secular authorities and banned by clerics.

scholarly journals Evolution and transformation of early modern cosmological knowledge: a network study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Zamani ◽  
Alejandro Tejedor ◽  
Malte Vogl ◽  
Florian Kräutli ◽  
Matteo Valleriani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
European Universities ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Multiplex Network ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
Almost All

AbstractWe investigated the evolution and transformation of scientific knowledge in the early modern period, analyzing more than 350 different editions of textbooks used for teaching astronomy in European universities from the late fifteenth century to mid-seventeenth century. These historical sources constitute the Sphaera Corpus. By examining different semantic relations among individual parts of each edition on record, we built a multiplex network consisting of six layers, as well as the aggregated network built from the superposition of all the layers. The network analysis reveals the emergence of five different communities. The contribution of each layer in shaping the communities and the properties of each community are studied. The most influential books in the corpus are found by calculating the average age of all the out-going and in-coming links for each book. A small group of editions is identified as a transmitter of knowledge as they bridge past knowledge to the future through a long temporal interval. Our analysis, moreover, identifies the most impactful editions. These books introduce new knowledge that is then adopted by almost all the books published afterwards until the end of the whole period of study. The historical research on the content of the identified books, as an empirical test, finally corroborates the results of all our analyses.

scholarly journals Narrating and mapping Russia: From Terra Incognita to a charted space on the road to Cathay

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-290
Author(s):  
George Prokhorov ◽  
Sergey Saveliev
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Travel Narrative ◽  
The Road ◽  
Terra Incognita ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Travel Writings ◽  
On The Road

AbstractIn the 16th century most of Russia is still a terra incognita with a highly dubious and mostly mythologized geography, anthropology, and sociology. In this article we look at some texts of the Early Modern period – Sir Thomas Smithes Voiage and Entertainment in Rushia (1605), Peter Mundy’s Travel Writings of 1640–1641, and The Voiages and Travels of John Struys (1676–1683) – and try to uncover the transformation of the obscure country into a more or less charted space, filled with narratives of adventures and travels in an enigmatic land on the verge of Europe, where exotic cultures are drawn together in a flamboyant mix. It is travel narrative that actually charts the territory and provides an explanation from which stems a partial understanding, physical and cultural, of the “Land of the Unpredictable.”

scholarly journals THEATER OF THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD: BETWEEN “SCHOOL” AND “CITY”

2020 ◽  
pp. 98-111
Author(s):  
Зинаида Андреевна Лурье
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Political Dimension ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
City Community ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Medieval Germany ◽  
The City

В статье на материале позднесредневековой Германии рассматривается место театра как коммуникативного канала в городском пространстве. Автор исходит из представления о том, что в диалоге между властью и городской общиной важнейшую роль играли паратеатральные практики (процессии, различные игры и пр.), тогда как собственно спектакли начиная с первых десятилетий XV в. были каналом внутригородской коммуникации. К производству спектаклей имели доступ разные сословия, что обуславливало в целом нейтральный характер театральных текстов, выполняющих главным образом консервативную и развлекательную функции. Изменилась ли роль театра в связи с развитием гуманизма и с институциализацией театра внутри школьной системы в раннее Новое время? В статье предпринята попытка ответить на этот вопрос на материале творчества раннего протестантского литератора Сикста Бирка. В историографии его творчество рассматривается через призму политического измерения, а сам он – как весьма рафинированный, интеллектуальный литератор. Однако, как считает автор статьи, тексты Бирка мало отличаются от позднесредневековой традиции. Анализ показывает, что Бирк утверждает все те же ценности стабильности и транслируют прежние топосы. Однако «Школа» явно подталкивает «Город» к осмыслению социального опыта. The article, based on the material of late medieval Germany, examines the place of the theater as a communicative channel in urban space. The author proceeds from the idea that paratheatre (processions, various games, etc.) played an important role in the dialogue between the authorities and the city community, whereas performances themselves, starting from the first decades of the 15th century, were a channel of intercity communication. Different classes had access to the production of performances, which led to the generally neutral nature of theatrical texts that performed mainly conservative and entertaining functions. Has the role of the theater changed in connection with the development of humanism and institutionalization of the theater within the school system in the Early Modern Period? The article attempts to answer this question on the material of the works of the early Protestant writer Sixt Birck. In historiography, his works are viewed through the prism of the political dimension, and he is classified as a very refined, intellectual writer. However, according to the author of the article, Birck’s texts differ little from the late medieval tradition. The analysis shows that Birck maintains the same values of stability and medieval topoi. However, the "School" clearly pushes the "City" to comprehend social experience.

scholarly journals Continuation or Evolution? Changes in Pottery Production and Vessel Types Used in Pomerelian (Gdańsk Pomerania) Towns in the Early-Modern Period

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 9-29
Author(s):  
Michał Starski
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Pottery Production ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Medieval Pottery

The article discusses changes in production and the of the pottery used in towns in Pomerelia in the early-modern period. These considerations are based on  advanced research on late-medieval pottery-making of the region and the relatively poorer state of knowledge about the continuity of transformations at the beginning of the early-modern period. The vantage point for this study is a characterisation of the source base, including both the artefactual  and written evidence. This enables the tracing of changes, and characteristic features of goods used, in the 16th century.

scholarly journals ‘The Military Mirror of Kai’: Swordsmanship and a Medieval Text in Early Modern Japan

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Wert
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Japanese History ◽  
Early Modern Japan ◽  
Cultural Arts ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Medieval Text ◽  
Modern Japan ◽  
The Military

AbstractSwordsmanship emerged as a new field of knowledge in early modern Japan (1600–1868), a time of relative peace. During the most violent periods of Japanese history, the latter half of the medieval period (1185–1600), samurai conducted warfare mostly on horseback, using the bow and arrow, or by leading massive armies filled with soldiers who used pikes, halberds, and even firearms. In this paper, I will trace the origins of early modern swordsmanship to the late 16th century during the transition between the medieval and early modern periods, when teachers of swordsmanship and their sword ‘styles’ first appeared in texts. Of these texts I will focus on ‘The Military Mirror of Kai’, purportedly written during the late 16th century, and a widely-read text among samurai of the early modern period. A mix of fact and fiction, the ‘Mirror’ became a source of fantasy and inspiration for samurai and non-samurai alike. It is also the earliest source of writing about swordsmanship, which was influenced by, and grew alongside, other medieval cultural arts such as

Classical Architecture in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe

Classics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Stenhouse
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Main Site ◽  
Classical Architecture ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Important Exception ◽  
First Time

The early modern period (here defined as 1400–1600 ce) holds a fundamental position in the reception of classical architecture. It was in this period, for the first time since Antiquity, that architects studied classical buildings in order to assimilate ancient building techniques. It was also in this period that humanist philologists edited, translated, and commented on the text of the Roman architectural writer Vitruvius, providing scholars and architects with an example of a theoretical treatise on building. Connected with these two developments, it is in early modern period that we can first identify efforts to graphically record evidence of ancient buildings’ appearance. These endeavors are part of what we know as the European Renaissance, the wider cultural movement dedicated to the understanding and emulation of classical Antiquity. It is important to note that this was usually a practical endeavor: humanist scholars studied Antiquity in order not simply to replicate its achievements, but to adapt them to the needs of the present. It is therefore vital to contextualize the records that we have for the reception of classical architecture: plans of buildings from the period should not be seen as analogous to archaeological surveys, but representations made for particular ends; ancient buildings were reproduced in print for the first time in the Renaissance, but the requirements of the new medium, as well as the audience for new books, shaped how they appeared. This bibliography aims to provide the tools to allow that contextualization. There is no general guide to these developments. Archaeologists who have looked at this period have usually examined individual buildings and sites, placing early modern developments in a wider context. For historians of architecture, the Renaissance has long been a well-studied field, in which responses to classical architecture are a defining (if not the defining) feature, though the surveys of Renaissance architecture they have produced have tended, understandably, to concentrate on buildings made in response to the antique. Rome was the main site where Renaissance scholars and architects went to study ancient buildings, and as a result most modern scholarship has focused on responses to buildings in the city, although there are valuable contributions on southern France. Renaissance scholars read about Greek buildings in Roman writers, and puzzled over Greek terms, but few traveled to the eastern Mediterranean; an important exception is Ciriaco d’Ancona, in the first half of the 15th century.

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