OVARIAN ACTIVITIES OF PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE DEPENDENT DEHYDROGENASES IN THE RAT DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION

1968 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-531
Author(s):  
T. Lunaas ◽  
R. L. Baldwin ◽  
P. T. Cupps
Keyword(s):  
Post Partum ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Pyridine Nucleotide ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Luteal Function ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Soluble Enzymes

ABSTRACT The activities of soluble enzymes catalyzing electron transfer in the systems malate:NADP, glucose-6-phosphate:NADP, 6-phosphogluconate: NADP, isocitrate:NADP and malate:NAD were determined in the ovaries of rats at several stages of reproduction. The enzymic activities (as μmol of product formed per min per g tissue) during late pregnancy (33 – 7 – 5 – 28 – 48, respectively) differed appreciably from the activities during the oestrous cycle (7 – 13 –3 – 30 – 25) and also at parturition (13 – 10 – 3 – 26 – 26). During pregnancy and parturition as well as during lactation and weaning there was an inverse relationship between the malate enzyme (malate:NADP) and the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The ratio between the activities of these enzymes varied within a wide range (0.5 – 5) and appeared to reflect luteal function. The enzymic activities on day 6 of lactation in the involuted corpora lutea of pregnancy (7 – 15 – 3 – 41 – 32) and in the corpora lutea deriving from the post partum ovulation (15 – 7 – 4 – 39 – 36) were in agreement with this view. The possible role of the malate enzyme in the ovarian synthesis of steroids is discussed with reference to its presumed role in lipogenesis in the rat.

scholarly journals Ligilactobacillus salivarius PS2 Supplementation during Pregnancy and Lactation Prevents Mastitis: A Randomised Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1933
Author(s):  
Esther Jiménez ◽  
Susana Manzano ◽  
Dietmar Schlembach ◽  
Krzysztof Arciszewski ◽  
Rocio Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Placebo Group ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Probiotic Strain ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Mastitis is considered one of the main reasons for unwanted breastfeeding cessation. This study aimed to investigate the preventive effect of the probiotic strain Ligilactobacillus salivarius PS2 on the occurrence of mastitis in lactating women. In this multicountry, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 328 women were assigned to the probiotic or the placebo group. The intervention started from the 35th week of pregnancy until week 12 post-partum. The primary outcome was the incidence (hazard) rate of mastitis, defined as the presence of at least two of the following symptoms: breast pain, breast erythema, breast engorgement not relieved by breastfeeding, and temperature > 38 °C. The probability of being free of mastitis during the study was higher in the probiotic than in the placebo group (p = 0.022, Kaplan–Meier log rank test) with 9 mastitis cases (6%) vs. 20 mastitis cases (14%), respectively. The hazard ratio of the incidence of mastitis between both study groups was 0.41 (0.190–0.915; p = 0.029), indicating that women in the probiotic group were 58% less likely to experience mastitis. In conclusion, supplementation of L. salivarius PS2 during late pregnancy and early lactation was safe and effective in preventing mastitis, which is one of the main barriers for continuing breastfeeding.

Effects of calcium salts of fatty acids on follicular characteristics and several blood parameters in two fat-tailed sheep breeds

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 131-131
Author(s):  
M. J. Zamiri ◽  
E. Rowghani ◽  
S. M. Ghoreishi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Dietary Lipid ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Luteal Function ◽  
Sheep Breeds

There is substantial evidence that the increased consumption of fat by dairy cattle can result in an increase in the number ovarian follicles, and the number and size of corpora lutea; it also stimulates post-partum ovarian activity and improve pregnancy rate. Increased dietary lipid also increases plasma cholesterol and progesterone, and the supply of lipoproteins which play significant roles in regulating ovarian steroidogenesis (Willimas, 1996). In contrast to cattle, there are few observations on the effects of dietary lipid on reproductive function in sheep. Intravascular infusion of lipid into ewes stimulated progesterone and prostaglandin synthesis (Burke et al., 1996), and dietary supplementation of calcium soaps of fatty acids enhanced luteal function (Kuran et al., 1999). Calcium soaps of fatty acids have been manufactured in Iran in recent years and sold under the trade name of Megalac. The aim of the present experiment was to study the effects of this protected fat on follicular number and luteal activity in two fat-tailed sheep breeds.

scholarly journals Improving the nutrition of Merino ewes during pregnancy increases the fleece weight and reduces the fibre diameter of their progeny's wool during their lifetime and these effects can be predicted from the ewe's liveweight profile

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 794 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Thompson ◽  
M. B. Ferguson ◽  
D. J. Gordon ◽  
G. A. Kearney ◽  
C. M. Oldham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Fleece Weight ◽  
Poor Nutrition

Nutrition of ewes during pregnancy can have permanent impacts on the production potential of their progeny. The hypothesis tested in the experiments reported in this paper was that improving the nutrition of Merino ewes during pregnancy and lactation increases the fleece weight and reduces the fibre diameter of their progeny’s wool during their lifetime. In addition, that these effects on the progeny’s wool production can be predicted from the ewe’s liveweight profile. At sites in Victoria and Western Australia in each of 2 years, a wide range in the liveweight and condition score profiles of Merino ewes was generated by varying the amount of supplements fed from joining to Day 100 of pregnancy and the amount of feed on offer grazed from Day 100 to weaning. The site in Victoria was based on perennial pastures and included both single- and twin-bearing ewes whereas the site in Western Australia was based on annual pastures and included single-bearing ewes only. The production and characteristics of wool from the progeny were measured until 51 months of age at the site in Victoria and 33 months of age at the site in Western Australia. The nutritional treatments and the resulting changes in ewe liveweight had significant impacts on the fleece weight and to a lesser extent the fibre diameter of wool produced by their progeny, but there were no consistent effects on other characteristics of progeny fleece wool. The fleece weight of the progeny was related to the liveweight change during pregnancy of their mothers (P < 0.05) and the relationships were similar for the two experiments at each site. At the site in Victoria, a loss of 10 kg in ewe liveweight between joining and Day 100 of pregnancy reduced fleece weight by ~0.2 kg at each shearing until 51 months of age whereas gaining 10 kg from Day 100 of pregnancy to lambing had the opposite effect. The effect of changes in ewe liveweight during late pregnancy on the fleece weight of their progeny at each shearing was of similar magnitude at the site in Western Australia. When evident, the effect of the ewe liveweight profile on the fibre diameter of progeny wool was opposite to the effect on clean fleece weight and the effect of poor nutrition in early to mid pregnancy could be completely overcome by improving nutrition during late pregnancy. Twin-born and reared progeny produced ~0.3 kg less clean wool at each shearing (P < 0.001) that was 0.3-μm broader (P < 0.001) than that from single-born progeny at the site in Victoria. However, the effects of varying ewe nutrition and ewe liveweight change during pregnancy on fleece weight and fibre diameter of progeny wool were similar (P > 0.05) for both single- and twin-born or reared progeny. Overall, these results supported our hypothesis and it is clear that the nutritional management of Merino ewes during pregnancy is important for optimal wool production from their progeny during their lifetime.

PERIPHERAL PLASMA PROGESTERONE CONCENTRATION OF COWS DURING PUBERTY, OESTROUS CYCLES, PREGNANCY AND LACTATION, AND THE EFFECTS OF UNDER-NUTRITION OR EXOGENOUS OXYTOCIN ON PROGESTERONE CONCENTRATION

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. DONALDSON ◽  
J. M. BASSETT ◽  
G. D. THORBURN
Keyword(s):  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Slow Increase ◽  
Normal Cycle ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

SUMMARY Progesterone concentrations in the peripheral plasma of cows were measured by a protein-binding radioassay method. The mean concentration was lowest at oestrus (0·44 ng/ml) and then increased to a maximum of 6·8 ng/ml about day 14 of the 21-day cycle. The concentration decreased rapidly during the last 4 days of the cycle, reaching low levels on the day before oestrus. There were no significant changes in progesterone concentration during oestrus. After ovariectomy the plasma progesterone concentration decreased to a very low level (< 0·4 ng/ml). After hysterectomy, progesterone concentrations remained high for longer than in a normal cycle. At puberty, plasma progesterone concentrations indicated cyclic ovarian activity before the first observed oestrus. Daily treatment of cows with oxytocin (0·4 u./kg body weight) from day 2 reduced the oestrous cycle length to 9 days, but did not significantly alter the slow increase in plasma progesterone concentration during the first 5 days of the cycle. Plasma progesterone concentrations decreased again after day 5 to low values. Plasma progesterone concentration during early pregnancy was similar to the luteal phase value (4–6 ng/ml), declined during mid-pregnancy and then increased to a maximum (7–8 ng/ml) at about 240 days gestation. The concentration declined 2–3 weeks before calving. During lactation progesterone concentrations were very low until the resumption of cyclic ovarian activity. The first post-partum cycle, whether accompanied by observed oestrus or not, was usually preceded by a small increase in plasma progesterone concentration 3–5 days before the start of the cycle. Undernutrition significantly increased plasma progesterone concentrations in mid- and late pregnancy. Undernutrition of non-pregnant cows increased progesterone concentrations during the luteal phase of the first cycle, but reduced it in later cycles.

Corpus luteum and endometrial function in ewes post partum: a study in vivo and in vitro

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Wallace ◽  
CJ Ashworth ◽  
RP Aitken ◽  
MA Cheyne
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Uterine Horn ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Luteal Function ◽  
Progesterone Production ◽  
Release Device

Induction of ovulation post partum is associated with a high incidence of prematurely regressing corpora lutea. However, inadequate luteal function is not the sole reason for pregnancy failure, because ewes with normal corpus luteum function and successful fertilization also fail to establish pregnancies. The effects of suckling status and the interval from post partum to rebreeding on corpus luteum and endometrial function were examined in vivo and in vitro. Ewes were weaned early or allowed to lactate, induced to ovulate using a progesterone-impregnated controlled internal drug release device and an intramuscular injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin, and inseminated (intrauterine) at either 21 or 35 days post partum (n = 10 per group). A further 10 standard ewes whose interval from parturition was in excess of 150 days were included for comparative purposes. On Day 10 after insemination the pregnancy rate was determined in four ewes from each of the post-partum groups and five standard ewes. These ewes were then ovariectomized and hysterectomized for studies in vitro. The incidence of premature luteal regression, as assessed by progesterone concentrations in peripheral blood was independent of the suckling stimulus but dependent on stage post partum (21 days post partum, 6 of 19 ewes; 35 days post partum, 0 of 19 ewes; P less than 0.05). Luteal function was normal in all standard ewes. Ovulation rate, corpus luteum weight, corpus luteum progesterone content and basal progesterone production in vitro were significantly less in 21-day than in 35-day post-partum ewes. Pregnancy rates as determined on Day 10 or at term were low in all post-partum groups (7 out of the 38 ewes inseminated) compared with standard ewes (8 of 10). Uterine function was assessed by culturing endometrial tissue from the tip and body of each uterine horn in the presence of [3H]leucine for 30 h at 37 degrees C. Incorporation of radiolabel into non-dialysable proteins synthesized and secreted by the endometrium in vitro was independent of uterine horn location and suckling status but was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) in media from 21-day than from 35-day post-partum ewes. Irrespective of treatment group, incorporation of radiolabel was positively correlated with mean plasma progesterone concentrations on Days 2-10 after insemination and with basal progesterone production in vitro. Secreted proteins were detected by two-dimensional-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and fluorography.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

scholarly journals Pregnancy and lactation associated osteoporosis: unrecognized cause of musculoskeletal pain syndrome during the peri-pregnancy period

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 3160
Author(s):  
Anna Kornete ◽  
Ingvars Rasa ◽  
Maija Mukane
Keyword(s):  
Musculoskeletal Pain ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Osteoporotic Fractures ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Rare Disorder ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Post Partum Period ◽  
Clinical Cases

Pregnancy- and lactation-associated osteoporosis (PLO) is a rare disorder, usually occurring in late pregnancy and the early post-partum period. The prevalence, etiology, pathogenesis and therapy remains unclear. Three clinical cases of PLO present patients with multiple severe osteoporotic fractures during the peri-pregnancy period and different treatment strategies.

scholarly journals Role of reversible phosphorylation in mediating changes in the activity of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase during pregnancy and lactation in the rat

1987 ◽  
Vol 248 (3) ◽  
pp. 993-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
R A Easom ◽  
V A Zammit
Keyword(s):  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Hmg Coa Reductase ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Coa Reductase

1. The expressed and total (completely dephosphorylated) activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase were measured in microsomal fractions isolated from cold-clamped liver samples from female rats in various stages of the reproductive cycle. 2. There was little change in total HMG-CoA reductase activity during pregnancy and early lactation, but after 2 days post partum there was a marked increase in total activity. 3. The expressed/total activity ratio of HMG-CoA reductase showed a profound decrease during the last 2 days of pregnancy. The fraction of the enzyme in the active form increased progressively during the first 2 days of lactation. 4. The combined effect of these changes was that the expressed activity of HMG-CoA reductase changed in parallel with the known changes in the hepatic rate of cholesterogenesis during pregnancy and lactation in vivo.

scholarly journals Regulation of the porcine corpus luteum during pregnancy

Reproduction ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (3) ◽  
pp. R57-R67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J Ziecik ◽  
Emilia Przygrodzka ◽  
Beenu M Jalali ◽  
Monika M Kaczmarek
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Metabolic Hormones ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Preovulatory Follicles ◽  
Luteal Tissue ◽  
Leucocyte Recruitment ◽  
Signal Switch

The new corpora lutea (CLs) in pigs are formed from the preovulatory follicles after the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. However, total autonomy and independence of CLs from LH up to Day 12 of cycle has recently been questioned. Transformation of estrous cycle CL to CL of pregnancy initiated by embryonic signals requires not only the cessation of prostaglandin F2 (PGF2α) supply to the luteal tissue but also needs the CL to overcome luteolytic acquisition and/or changing its sensitivity to PGF2αduring Days 12–14 of pregnancy. The luteolytic cascade is prevented by inhibition of lymphocyte infiltration and leucocyte recruitment, limitation of cell apoptosis, upregulation of pregnancy-associated genes and an enhanced antiluteolytic role of PGE2. Our ‘two-signal switch hypothesis’ highlights the importance ofpostPGF2αand PGE2receptor signaling pathways activation in CLs during luteolysis and rescue. The ‘luteolytic switch’ involves increased expression of many regression mediators and activation of thepostPTGFR signaling pathway. The ‘rescue switch’ initiated by embryonic signals – estradiol 17β and PGE2– inducespostPTGER2/4 pathway, turning the ‘luteolytic switch’ off and triggering activity of genes responsible for CL maintenance. In mid and late pregnancy, CLs are maintained by LH and the synergistic action of metabolic hormones. This paper provides an outline of recent views on CL regression, rescue and maintenance during pregnancy in pigs that conflict with previous paradigms and highlights new findings regarding the actions of prostaglandins, role of microRNAs (miRNA) and immune system and signaling pathways governing the life cycle of porcine CL.

FOLLICULAR AND LUTEAL FUNCTION IN THE PUBERAL RAT: GONADOTROPHIC HORMONE STIMULATION AND ENZYMIC-NUCLEOTIDE INTERACTIONS

1975 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
JoAnne S. (Hunter) Richards
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Tissue ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Lh Surge ◽  
Luteal Function ◽  
Nucleotide Interactions ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Follicular Activity

ABSTRACT Using the puberal rat and the PMS-treated rat as animal systems, ovarian events associated with follicular and luteal development have been characterized by measuring gonadotrophic hormone (LH, FSH and prolactin) and progesterone concentrations in peripheral serum; and selected enzymic (NAD-kinase:NAD-K and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: G6PD) activities and nucleotide (NAD, NADH, NADP, NADPH, ATP) concentrations in ovarian tissue. In the puberal rat, the period of follicular development was characterized by increased ovarian NAD-K SA, NAD and NADH concentrations and decreased ATP and NADP concentrations. The first pro-oestrus was characterized by greatly elevated LH, FSH, prolactin and progesterone concentrations, significant decreases in ovarian NAD-K SA, NAD, NADP and ATP concentrations, and an increase in NADPH concentrations. The development of new corpora lutea was associated with striking increases in ovarian NAD-K SA and G6PD SA. Increased activity of both enzymes exhibited a significant positive coefficient of correlation with the number of corpora lutea contained within the ovarian tissue. PMS (4 IU) stimulation of follicular activity resulted in events leading to the induction of an endogenous LH surge and ovulation. Associated with increased follicular activity was increased ovarian NAD-K SA. In contrast to the puberal rat, no rise in progesterone concentrations was associated with the LH surge or the formation of corpora lutea.

THE EFFECT OF SURGICAL ISOLATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS UPON REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION IN THE FEMALE GUINEA-PIG

1971 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
JEAN E. M. BUTLER ◽  
B. T. DONOVAN
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei ◽  
Anterior Border ◽  
Luteal Function ◽  
The Brain

SUMMARY Under stereotaxic guidance, the connexions between the hypothalamus and the rest of the brain were severed surgically in mature female guinea-pigs, and reproductive function was assessed by following the vaginal cycle and by histological study of the ovaries. Animals in which the hypothalamic island incorporated the suprachiasmatic nuclei, or in which the anterior connexions to the hypothalamus were severed by a cut placed just anterior to the suprachiasmatic nuclei, developed persistent vaginal oestrus. Such an anterior cut in the hypothalamus did not influence luteal function in hysterectomized animals. When the anterior border of a hypothalamic island, or an anterior cut through the hypothalamus, was caudal to the suprachiasmatic nuclei, oestrous cycles continued although they were slightly irregular. The ovaries contained corpora lutea. Severance of the posterior connexions to the hypothalamus did not alter the oestrous cycle. The role of the suprachiasmatic area in the generation of persistent vaginal oestrus is discussed.

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