A METHOD FOR EVALUATING AN EXPERIMENTAL ATHYREOSIS

1972 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Schimmelpfennig ◽  
A. Kaul ◽  
U. Haberland
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
List Type ◽  
Experimental Animals

ABSTRACT A micro-131I-test is presented which allows an easy separation of completely surgically thyroidectomised experimental animals from animals with aberrant or residual thyroid tissue. The application of the method is easy and not time-consuming: the total time spent on one animal is approximately 3 min. The method is based on the principle that the 131I storage is measured over the cervical region. The application of this method gives the following advantages: When performing studies with proven athyroid rats it is not necessary subsequently to demonstrate athyreosis (histologically, BMR, or PBI). Time-consuming experiments with animals which are not definitely athyroid can be avoided. The additional fractionated radio-iodine resection after surgical thyroidectomy, used by many authors to destroy residual thyroid tissue, becomes superfluous. Such a procedure takes 4 to 8 weeks. The animals may be used after a 5-day-period. This excludes secondary changes like weight loss and disturbed development which have to be taken into consideration when using a radio-iodine resection.

scholarly journals Epidermoid cyst abscess of the neck masquerading as a thyroid abscess

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waralee Chatchomchaun ◽  
Yotsapon Thewjitcharoen ◽  
Karndumri Krittadhee ◽  
Veekij Veerasomboonsin ◽  
Soontaree Nakasatien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Epidermoid Cyst ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Pathological Examination ◽  
List Type ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Function Tests ◽  
Thyroid Abscess

Summary In this case report, we describe a 37-year-old male who presented with fever and tender neck mass. Neck ultrasonography revealed a mixed echogenic multiloculated solid-cystic lesion containing turbid fluid and occupying the right thyroid region. Thyroid function tests showed subclinical hyperthyroidism. The patient was initially diagnosed with thyroid abscess and he was subsequently treated with percutaneous aspiration and i.v. antibiotics; however, his clinical symptoms did not improve. Surgical treatment was then performed and a pathological examination revealed a ruptured epidermoid cyst with abscess formation. No thyroid tissue was identified in the specimen. The patient was discharged uneventfully. However, at the 3-month and 1-year follow-ups, the patient was discovered to have developed subclinical hypothyroidism. Neck ultrasonography revealed a normal thyroid gland. This report demonstrates a rare case of epidermoid cyst abscess in the cervical region, of which initial imaging and abnormal thyroid function tests led to the erroneous diagnosis of thyroid abscess. Learning points: Epidermoid cyst abscess at the cervical region can mimic thyroid abscess. Neck ultrasonography cannot distinguish thyroid abscess from epidermoid cyst abscess. Thyroid function may be altered due to the adjacent soft tissue inflammation.

scholarly journals Eimeria falciformisBayerHaberkorn1970 and novel wild derived isolates from house mice: differences in parasite lifecycle, pathogenicity and host immune reactions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Al-khlifeh ◽  
A. Balard ◽  
V.H. Jarquín-Díaz ◽  
A. Weyrich ◽  
G. Wibbelt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Cytokine Gene Expression ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
List Type ◽  
Immune Reactions ◽  
Natural Systems

AbstractSpecies ofEimeria(Apicomplexa:Coccidia) differ in the timing of lifecycle progression and resulting infections vary in host immune reactions and pathology they induce.Eimeriainfections in house mice are used as models for basic immunology and the most commonly used isolates have been passaged in laboratory mice for over 50 years. We questioned in how far such isolates are still representative for infections in natural systems.In the current study, we address this question by comparing the “laboratory isolate”E. falciformisBayerHaberkorn1970 with a novel, wild derived isolateE. falciformisBrandenburg88, and contrast this with another novel wild derived isolate,E. ferrisiBrandenburg64. We compare parasite lifecycle progression. We relate this to immune cell infiltration at the site of infection (in the caecum) and cytokine gene expression in the spleen as a measure of host immune response. We assess host weight loss as a measure of pathogenicity.A species-specific slower parasite lifecyle progression and higher pathogenicity are observed forE. falciformis vs. E. ferrisi.Host cytokines, in contrast, are expressed at significantly higher level in the spleen of mice infected with theE. falciformislaboratory isolate than in both wild derived isolates, irrespective of the species. Differences in histopathology are observable between all three isolates: TheE. falciformisBayerHaberkorn1970 laboratory isolate induces the strongest inflammation and cellular infiltration (with lymphocytes, plasma cells and eosinophilic granulocytes) followed by the wild derivedE. falciformisBrandenburg88 isolate.E. ferrisiBrandenburg64 is inducing milder histological changes than bothE. falciformisisolates.It can be speculated that the serial passaging ofE. falciformisBayerHaberkorn1970 has resulted in evolutionary divergence rendering this isolate more virulent in NMRI mice. Caution is needed when findings from experimental infection with laboratory strains should be integrated with observations in natural systems.HighlightsE. ferrisihas a shorter pre-patency thanwild-derived and laboratory isolates ofE. falciformis.E. ferrisiis less virulent than bothE. falciformisisolates and the timing of maximal oocyst shedding relative to host weight loss differs.The laboratory strain ofE. falciformisinduces stronger cytokine expression in the spleen than both wild derived strains ofE. falciformisandE. ferrisi.The laboratory strain ofE. falciformisinduces stronger tissue infiltration of immune cells than the wild-derived strain.E. ferrisiinfections are associated with the lowest infiltration.

scholarly journals Equine Carcinoma Hemithyroidectomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Mayer Coelho ◽  
Brenda Valeria dos Santos Oliveira ◽  
Diana Villa Verde Salazar ◽  
Karin Elisabeth Rodrigues Borba ◽  
Lais Maria Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Parathyroid Glands ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Significant Weight Loss

Background: In horses, the thyroid gland is located slightly caudal to the larynx and dorsolaterally between the third and sixth tracheal ring, adjacent to the thyroid, there are four small glands called parathyroid glands. In the clinical routine of horses, thyropathies are difficult to be diagnosed, as they have a silent evolution. Thyroid neoplasia is the most common finding in horses, usually unilateral and normally present in older animals. The present study reports a case of equine thyroid carcinoma and its systemic clinical effects, which was successfully treated by means of hemitieroidectomy. Case: A 12-year-old male mixed breed horse weighing 436 kg, was admitted to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the FZEA/USP    with the main complaint of volume increase in the right ventrolateral region of the neck, difficulty in swallowing, significant weight loss and weakness of the pelvic limbs. On inspection, there was an increase in volume in the topographic region of the thyroid gland and on palpation, there was a firm mass, with delimited edges, with a smooth, mobile surface, without increasing the temperature and without pain. The animal was sent for ultrasound examination, which revealed a delimited mass, with an apparent capsule around it, differentiated and disorganized cellularity with small hypoechoic points of liquid inside the structure, with no apparent vascularization inside the mass. These findings, associated with the anatomical location of the mass, were consistent with thyroid tissue. The clinical signs commonly observed in thyroid neoformations are respiratory stridor, decreased performance, difficulty in swallowing and suffocation. As there was a compromised diet and weight gain, as well as athletic performance, he chose to have a hemithyroidectomy. After surgery, histopathology of the tissue was performed and thyroid carcinoma was diagnosed. Postoperatively, the animal was medicated with antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and anti-tetanus serum, after 10 days the stitches were removed and the animal was discharged. Discussion: Neoplasia is the most frequent cause of progressive thyroid growth and in case of suspicion of thyroid disorders, thin needle aspiration (FNAB) is recommended and, later, histopathological examination, which is considered the gold standard for diagnosis pathologies of the thyroid gland. In the present case, no FNAB or preoperative histopathological examination was performed due to the time required to obtain the result, associated with difficulty in swallowing and significant weight loss, which required immediate removal of the mass. Considering that the ultrasound examination revealed the absence of noble structures or important vascularization very close to or adhered to the mass, its removal prior to the histopathological examination was indicated. As there was compromised feeding and weight gain, he opted for hemithyroidectomy, the recommended treatment for unilateral tumors in horses. When performing a hemithyroidectomy, it should be remembered that the parathyroid glands accompany the thyroid and are located in its posterior portion, in the pre tracheal region, with its variable final position. With this variation in topography, the identification of parathyroid glands becomes challenging and, consequently, after thyroidectomy, a portion of parathyroid glands stops operating, and this fact is marked clinically by hypocalcemia and its consequences. In this case described, in which the animal had a tumor in thyroid tissue, possibly the parathyroid functions were also altered, which probably reflected in the lameness in the pelvic limbs. It is concluded that partial hemithyroidectomy in horses is an easy procedure to perform and has favorable results in relation to prognosis and quality of life. Keywords: carcinoma, hemithyroidectomy, thyroid. Título: Hemitireoidectomia por carcinoma em equinoDescritores: carcinoma, hemitireoidectomia, tireóide. 

scholarly journals 076 A rare case of anti-glutamate decarboxylase antibody syndrome presenting with recurrent vomiting

2019 ◽  
Vol 90 (e7) ◽  
pp. A24.1-A24
Author(s):  
Shoaib Dal ◽  
Bill O’Brien
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Oligoclonal Bands ◽  
Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Therapeutic Trial ◽  
List Type ◽  
Stiff Person Syndrome ◽  
Ct Angiogram ◽  
Recurrent Vomiting ◽  
History Of

IntroductionAnti-glutamte decarboxylase antibody (anti-GAD) has been linked with various neurological syndromes including stiff-person syndrome, limbic encephalopathy, cerebellar ataxia, eye movement disorders and epilepsy (collectively known as ‘anti-GAD positive neurological syndromes’).1 We describe a very atypical phenotypic presentation of anti-GAD syndrome with unexplained vomiting and weight loss.CaseA 46 years old lady with no past medical or family history of note, presented with 6 months history of severe headaches and recurrent attacks of episodic vomiting (4–6 episodes of multiple vomiting daily) with no identified precipitant and complete normality in between the episodes with no other associated symptoms. She reported 15 kg of unintentional weight loss. Neurological examination and investigations including MRI brain, CT angiogram and liver enzymes, immunoglobulins, thyroid function, vasculitic screen were normal. Upper GI endoscopy, gastric emptying studies, CT imaging of chest, abdomen and pelvis and whole body PET scan were unremarkable. Serum autoimmune antibody screen was positive with high titre of anti-GAD antibody (1200 kU/liter). The cerebrospinal fluid anti-GAD antibody titre was raised at 103.7 kU/liter with otherwise normal parameters including negative oligoclonal bands. The nerve conduction studies did not show continuous motor activity or spasmodic reflex myoclonus (seen in stiff-person syndrome).2 A therapeutic trial of immunosuppression was introduced with moderate improvement in symptoms.ConclusionAnti-GAD neurological syndromes are rare and this is a unique presentation of the same. It is not completely understood why the presence of one antibody causes varied syndromes. The hypothesis is that the recurrent vomiting is possibly due to diaphragmatic spasms.ReferencesSaiz A, Blanco Y, Sabater L, et al. Spectrum of neurological syndromes associated with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies: diagnostic clues for this association. Brain 2008;131:2553–2563.Buechner S, Florio I, Capone L. Stiff person syndrome: A rare neurological disorder, heterogeneous in clinical presentation and not easy to treat. Case Rep Neurol Med2015; 2015:278065.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial disease: an uncommon but important cause of diabetes mellitus

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Li Yee ◽  
Rosemary Wong ◽  
Mineesh Datta ◽  
Timothy Nicholas Fazio ◽  
Mina Mohammad Ebrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Lactic Acidosis ◽  
Superior Mesenteric Artery ◽  
Mesenteric Artery ◽  
Mitochondrial Disorder ◽  
Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome ◽  
List Type ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
History Of

Summary Mitochondrial diseases are rare, heterogeneous conditions affecting organs dependent on high aerobic metabolism. Presenting symptoms and signs vary depending on the mutation and mutant protein load. Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrinopathy, and recognition of these patients is important due to its impact on management and screening of family members. In particular, glycemic management differs in these patients: the use of metformin is avoided because of the risk of lactic acidosis. We describe a patient who presented with gradual weight loss and an acute presentation of hyperglycemia complicated by the superior mesenteric artery syndrome. His maternal history of diabetes and deafness and a personal history of hearing impairment led to the diagnosis of a mitochondrial disorder. Learning points: The constellation of diabetes, multi-organ involvement and maternal inheritance should prompt consideration of a mitochondrial disorder. Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, stroke-like episodes (MELAS) and maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD) are the most common mitochondrial diabetes disorders caused by a mutation in m.3243A>G in 80% of cases. Metformin should be avoided due to the risk of lactic acidosis. There is more rapid progression to insulin therapy and higher prevalence of diabetic complications compared to type 2 diabetes. Diagnosis of a mitochondrial disorder leads to family screening, education and surveillance for future complications. Superior mesenteric artery syndrome, an uncommon but important cause of intestinal pseudo-obstruction in cases of significant weight loss, has been reported in MELAS patients.

scholarly journals Interactions of Extracts of Selected Macrofungi and Malaria Parasite, Plasmodium berghei berghei in BALB/c Strain Albino Mice

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Olayinka Oluyemi Oluranti ◽  
Segun Gbolagade Jonathan ◽  
Odunayo Joseph Olawuyi
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Suitable Condition ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Pleurotus Pulmonarius ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Parasite Plasmodium ◽  
Albino Mice ◽  
Concentration Levels

Malaria is a global menace that claimed many lives. The potential of mushroom at appropriate dosage, concentrations and suitable condition especially as antiplasmodial agents against malaria is important. Therefore, this study investigated the interactive effects of some fungi extracts (Pleurotus tuber-regium, Pleurotus pulmonarius, Fomes lignosus, Lentinus subnudus, Termitomyces robustus) and their combinations with malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei berghei in BALB/c strain albino mice. Intraperitoneal injection of experimental animals with 0.2 mL of 5x106 parasitized blood was done before or after oral administration of the extracts of 0.1 mL fungi extracts at five concentrations. There were 3 replicates. The percentage parasitemia, packed cell volume (PCV), the weight loss of the albino mice were monitored. The extract; and concentration levels recorded highly significant (p< 0.01) effects on the parasitemic level (137.96; 329.26), PCV (4539.48; 2357.93) and weights (53.46; 510.56) of experimental animals in prophylactic and therapeutic experiments. Also, highly significant interactions (of 521.30) was obtained from extracts x concentrations. Lentinus subnudus and Fomes lignosus as well as P. tuber-regium had the best prophylactic and therapeutic potentials of 30%; 36% and 36% respectively. Lentinus subnudus could be considered a good prophylaxis in prevention of malaria as it exceeds therapeutic effect. Concentrations 0.4 mg/mL and 0.04 mg/mL were found to be the most effective; producing similar effect as chloroquine (20 mg/kg body weight) used as control. Therefore, the optimum activity of the fungi extracts was interactive against the malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei berghei in the albino mice.

THE PROLACTIN PRODUCTION AND RELEASE OF A PITUITARY GRAFT AND OF THE HYPOPHYSIS IN SITU

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. L. Wolthuis ◽  
S. E. de Jongh
Keyword(s):  
Direct Action ◽  
List Type ◽  
Portal Circulation ◽  
Prolactin Release ◽  
Kidney Capsule ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
Prolactin Content

ABSTRACT In order to compare the prolactin function of a pituitary graft with that of a hypophysis in situ, an attempt was made to make the two groups of experimental animals used comparable with respect to their gonadotrophin and steroid levels. This was done: by autotransplantation of the ovaries into the spleen or by ovariectomy; by supplying excess amounts of exogenous gonadotrophins. It was found that prolactin effects produced by hypophyseal grafts were far greater than those brought about by hypophyses in situ. If small amounts of oestrogens accidentally escaped from the portal circulation, these effects were enhanced both in the grafted animals and in those with the hypophyses in situ. Assays of serum and hypophyseal material of ovariectomized and hypophysectomized rats bearing a hypophyseal graft under the kidney capsule showed that the prolactin content of the graft is lower and the prolactin content of the serum higher when compared to material from ovariectomized sham-operated controls. From these results it is concluded that: The hypothalamus inhibits the prolactin function of the hypophysis in situ. Hypothalamic inhibitory mechanisms affect prolactin release more than prolactin production. Oestrogens enhance prolactin production in the hypophysis, presumably mainly by a direct action on the pituitary gland.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF ALIMENTARY DEPRIVATION ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF RAT'S THYROID GLAND

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2(49)) ◽  
pp. 89-97
Author(s):  
R. V. Yanko
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
The Body ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Thyroid Cells ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Despite the well-studied effect of alimentary deprivation on the body, the literature data on its effect on functional activity and, in particular, on morphological changes in the thyroid gland are single and often contradictory, which does not allow unambiguous conclusions. All this requires a more detailed study of the role and mechanisms of the impact of restricted nutrition on the thyroid gland. Aim: To investigate the effect of alimentary deprivation on morphological changes in the thyroid gland of young rats. Methods: The study was conducted on 24 male Wistar rats aged 3 months. Rats of all groups were in uniform conditions, on a standard diet. Animals of the experimental group, for 28 days, received a diet reduced by 30 %. Work with rats was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Histological preparations were made from the central areas of the thyroid tissue according to the standard method. Using a digital camera, the micropreparations were photographed under a Nikon Eclipse E 100 microscope (Japan). Morphometry was performed using a computer program "Image J". Results: Histological analysis of the rat's thyroid gland affected by alimentary deprivation revealed that it had an unchanged physiological structure. The follicles were mostly of oval shape and of various sizes. Colloid in the follicles of experimental animals is of moderate density and contains numerous resorption vacuoles. Thyroid cells are of prismatic and cubic shape. It was found that in the thyroid gland of experimental rats the area of ​​follicles, colloid, their inner diameter decreases, the height of thyrocytes increases, the stereological resorption index increases and the colloid accumulation index decreases, the number of interfollicular islands increases. Also in experimental animals there was a decrease in the width of the interlobar and interfollicular connective tissue. Conclusion: In rats fed on a reduced diet, morphological signs of increased functional activity of the thyroid gland were found.

scholarly journals Dual ectopic thyroid associated with thyroid hemiagenesis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigenori Nakamura ◽  
Teruyuki Masuda ◽  
Masatoshi Ishimori
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Hypothyroidism ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Neck Mass ◽  
Left Lobe ◽  
Ectopic Thyroid ◽  
List Type ◽  
Ectopic Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Thyroid Hemiagenesis ◽  
Dual Ectopic Thyroid

Summary We report a case of a 15-year-old girl with a midline neck mass that was first noted 2 or 3 years previously. She had been treated with levothyroxine (L-T4) for congenital hypothyroidism until 11 years of age. Ultrasonography revealed an atrophic right thyroid (1.0 × 1.6 × 2.6 cm in size) and a mass (2.3 × 1.0 × 3.5 cm in size) in the upper part of the neck. No left lobe of the thyroid was detected. On further evaluation, Tc-99m pertechnetate thyroid scintigraphy and CT showed ectopic thyroid tissue in the lingual region and infrahyoid region. Thus, she was diagnosed as having dual ectopic thyroid and thyroid hemiagenesis. The atrophic right thyroid was thought be non-functional. Treatment with L-T4 was started to reduce the size of the dual ectopic thyroid tissue. This may be the first reported case of dual ectopic thyroid associated with hemiagenesis detected only by ultrasonography. Learning points: Ultrasonography can confirm the presence or absence of orthotopic thyroid tissue in patients with ectopic thyroid. The cause of congenital hypothyroidism should be examined. Clinical manifestation of ectopic thyroid may appear when the treatment with L-T4 is discontinued. Annual follow-up is needed in all children when their thyroid hormone replacement is stopped.

scholarly journals Exogenous T3 toxicosis following consumption of a contaminated weight loss supplement

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
R D’Arcy ◽  
M McDonnell ◽  
K Spence ◽  
C H Courtney
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Tracer Uptake ◽  
Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy ◽  
List Type ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Thyroid Uptake ◽  
Thyroid Function Testing

Summary A 42-year-old male presented with a one-week history of palpitations and sweating episodes. The only significant history was of longstanding idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Initial ECG demonstrated a sinus tachycardia. Thyroid function testing, undertaken as part of the diagnostic workup, revealed an un-measureable thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (T4). Upon questioning the patient reported classical thyrotoxic symptoms over the preceding weeks. Given the persistence of symptoms free tri-iodothyronine (T3) was measured and found to be markedly elevated at 48.9 pmol/L (normal range: 3.1–6.8 pmol/L). No goitre or nodular disease was palpable in the neck. Historically there had never been any amiodarone usage. Radionucleotide thyroid uptake imaging (123I) demonstrated significantly reduced tracer uptake in the thyroid. Upon further questioning the patient reported purchasing a weight loss product online from India which supposedly contained sibutramine. He provided one of the tablets and laboratory analysis confirmed the presence of T3 in the tablet. Full symptomatic resolution and normalised thyroid function ensued upon discontinuation of the supplement. Learning points: Free tri-iodothyronine (T3) measurement may be useful in the presence of symptoms suggestive of thyrotoxicosis with discordant thyroid function tests. Thyroid uptake scanning can be a useful aid to differentiating exogenous hormone exposure from endogenous hyperthyroidism. Ingestion of thyroid hormone may be inadvertent in cases of exogenous thyrotoxicosis. Medicines and supplements sourced online for weight loss may contain thyroxine (T4) or T3 and should be considered as a cause of unexplained exogenous hyperthyroidism.

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