scholarly journals Intrauterine growth restriction and adult disease: the role of adipocytokines

2009 ◽  
Vol 160 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Despina D Briana ◽  
Ariadne Malamitsi-Puchner
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Thrifty Phenotype

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is the failure of the fetus to achieve his/her intrinsic growth potential, due to anatomical and/or functional disorders and diseases in the feto–placental–maternal unit. IUGR results in significant perinatal and long-term complications, including the development of insulin resistance/metabolic syndrome in adulthood.The thrifty phenotype hypothesis holds that intrauterine malnutrition leads to an adaptive response that alters the fetal metabolic and hormonal milieu designed for intrauterine survival. This fetal programming predisposes to an increased susceptibility for chronic diseases. Although the mechanisms controlling intrauterine growth are poorly understood, adipose tissue may play an important role in linking poor fetal growth to the subsequent development of adult diseases. Adipose tissue secretes a number of hormones, called adipocytokines, important in modulating metabolism and recently involved in intrauterine growth.This review aims to summarize reported findings concerning the role of adipocytokines (leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL6), visfatin, resistin, apelin) in early life, while attempting to speculate mechanisms through which differential regulation of adipocytokines in IUGR may influence the risk for development of chronic diseases in later life.

The Role of the Anti-Angiogenic Factor Endostatin in Intrauterine Growth Restriction

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariadne Malamitsi-Puchner ◽  
Theodora Boutsikou ◽  
Emmanuel Economou ◽  
Evangelos Makrakis ◽  
Zoe Iliodromiti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Angiogenic Factor ◽  
Intrauterine Growth

scholarly journals Understanding intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): a review

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj Verma ◽  
Hema Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon

Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) is defined as the inability of a fetus to gain the normal growth potential due to maternal-placental-fetal factors. These factors mainly involve metabolic disorders, infections, substance abuse and exposure to harmful substances. Incidence of IUGR is higher in developing countries. Proper diagnosis at suitable time is necessary for proper treatment and management. Although, the mechanism is not clear but oxidative stress, immunological factors, aryl hydrocarbon receptor and adduct formation are some pathways which are involved in IUGR. The aftermaths of IUGR involves post-birth complications, perinatal mortality and morbidity. Therefore, management and treatment involves use of both pharmacological (Tocolytics, Corticosteroids, antibiotics) and non-pharmacological methods (bed rest, cerclage). This review highlights the possible risk factors, mechanisms, other biochemical pathways involved, as well as pharmacological and non-pharmacological management of IUGR.Journal of Biomedical Sciences. 2015;2(4):31-37

scholarly journals Consequences in Infants That Were Intrauterine Growth Restricted

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erich Cosmi ◽  
Tiziana Fanelli ◽  
Silvia Visentin ◽  
Daniele Trevisanuto ◽  
Vincenzo Zanardo
Keyword(s):  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Placental Insufficiency ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Cardiovascular Abnormalities ◽  
Short And Long Term

Intrauterine growth restriction is a condition fetus does not reach its growth potential and associated with perinatal mobility and mortality. Intrauterine growth restriction is caused by placental insufficiency, which determines cardiovascular abnormalities in the fetus. This condition, moreover, should prompt intensive antenatal surveillance of the fetus as well as follow-up of infants that had intrauterine growth restriction as short and long-term sequele should be considered.

The brain development of infants with intrauterine growth restriction: role of glucocorticoids

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-xue Ding ◽  
Hong Cui
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Microvascular Endothelial Cells ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Growth Restrictions ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Brain injury is a serious complication of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), but the exact mechanism remains unclear. While glucocorticoids (GCs) play an important role in intrauterine growth and development, GCs also have a damaging effect on microvascular endothelial cells. Moreover, intrauterine adverse environments lead to fetal growth restriction and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis resetting. In addition, chronic stress can cause a decrease in the number and volume of astrocytes in the hippocampus and glial cells play an important role in neuronal differentiation. Therefore, it is speculated that the effect of GCs on cerebral neurovascular units under chronic intrauterine stimulation is an important mechanism leading to brain injury in infants with growth restrictions.

Searching the web: a survey on the quality of advice on postnatal sequelae of intrauterine growth restriction and the implication of developmental origins of health and disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 604-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Perzel ◽  
H. Huebner ◽  
W. Rascher ◽  
C. Menendez-Castro ◽  
A. Hartner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Individual

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and fetal growth restriction (FGR) are pregnancy complications associated with morbidity in later life. Despite a growing body of evidence from current research on developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD), little information is currently provided to parents on long-term metabolic, cardiovascular and neurologic consequences. As parents strongly rely on internet-based health-related information, we examined the quality of information on IUGR/FGR sequelae and DOHaD in webpages used by laypersons. Simulating non-clinicians experience, we entered the terms ‘IUGR consequences’ and ‘FGR consequences’ into Google and Yahoo search engines. The quality of the top search-hits was analyzed with regard to the certification through the Health On the Net Foundation (HON), currentness of cited references, while reliability of information and DOHaD-related consequences were assessed via the DISCERN Plus score (DPS). Overall the citation status was not up-to-date and only a few websites were HON-certified. The results of our analysis showed a dichotomy between the growing body of evidence regarding IUGR/FGR-related sequelae and lack of current guidelines, leaving parents without clear directions. Furthermore, detailed information on the concept of DOHaD is not provided. These findings emphasize the responsibility of the individual physician for providing advice on IUGR/FGR-related sequelae, monitoring and follow-up.

scholarly journals Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Antenatal and Postnatal Aspects

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. CMPed.S40070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Sharma ◽  
Sweta Shastri ◽  
Pradeep Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Perinatal Asphyxia ◽  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Neonatal Problems

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), a condition that occurs due to various reasons, is an important cause of fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. It has been defined as a rate of fetal growth that is less than normal in light of the growth potential of that specific infant. Usually, IUGR and small for gestational age (SGA) are used interchangeably in literature, even though there exist minute differences between them. SGA has been defined as having birth weight less than two standard deviations below the mean or less than the 10th percentile of a population-specific birth weight for specific gestational age. These infants have many acute neonatal problems that include perinatal asphyxia, hypothermia, hypoglycemia, and polycythemia. The likely long-term complications that are prone to develop when IUGR infants grow up includes growth retardation, major and subtle neurodevelopmental handicaps, and developmental origin of health and disease. In this review, we have covered various antenatal and postnatal aspects of IUGR.

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