scholarly journals Understanding intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): a review

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj Verma ◽  
Hema Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon

Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) is defined as the inability of a fetus to gain the normal growth potential due to maternal-placental-fetal factors. These factors mainly involve metabolic disorders, infections, substance abuse and exposure to harmful substances. Incidence of IUGR is higher in developing countries. Proper diagnosis at suitable time is necessary for proper treatment and management. Although, the mechanism is not clear but oxidative stress, immunological factors, aryl hydrocarbon receptor and adduct formation are some pathways which are involved in IUGR. The aftermaths of IUGR involves post-birth complications, perinatal mortality and morbidity. Therefore, management and treatment involves use of both pharmacological (Tocolytics, Corticosteroids, antibiotics) and non-pharmacological methods (bed rest, cerclage). This review highlights the possible risk factors, mechanisms, other biochemical pathways involved, as well as pharmacological and non-pharmacological management of IUGR.Journal of Biomedical Sciences. 2015;2(4):31-37

scholarly journals Analysis of fetal growth restriction in pregnancy in subjects attending in an obstetric clinic of a tertiary care teaching hospital

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 973
Author(s):  
Ashish Seal ◽  
Arup Dasgupta ◽  
Mousumi Sengupta ◽  
Rinini Dastider ◽  
Sukanta Sen
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Fetal Growth Restriction ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Crown Rump Length ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
In Pregnancy

Background: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is defined as fetal growth less than the normal growth potential of a specific infant because of genetic or environmental factors. Fetal growth restriction or intrauterine growth restriction is one of the leading causes of perinatal mortality and morbidity in newborns. Fetal growth restriction is a complex multifactorial condition resulting from several fetal and maternal disorders. Objective of present study was to find out incidence of IUGR and assessment and evaluation of different important changes in IUGR.Methods: Women who attended the Obstetric OPD in their 1st trimester of pregnancy and those who were thought would be able to visit the antenatal clinic for their fortnightly check-up regularly were screened for intrauterine foetal growth retardation. Women with irregular and uncertain menstrual history and where the 1st trimester USG foetal crown rump length did not corroborate with the menstrual gestational age were excluded from this study.Results: Incidence of IUGR was 18.2% and 84% were found to be asymmetrical. IUGR was found to be double among primigravids and women above 30 years. It had been observed that IUGR was associated with certain conditions like short stature (52%), pregnancy induced hypertension (24%) and anaemia (12%).Conclusions: Thus, early USG screening along with robust screening for maternal BMI, nutritional status, and anaemia can assist the obstetric team in providing early diagnosis, prompt intervention, and better outcome in pregnancy with fetal growth restriction.

scholarly journals Consequences in Infants That Were Intrauterine Growth Restricted

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erich Cosmi ◽  
Tiziana Fanelli ◽  
Silvia Visentin ◽  
Daniele Trevisanuto ◽  
Vincenzo Zanardo
Keyword(s):  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Placental Insufficiency ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Cardiovascular Abnormalities ◽  
Short And Long Term

Intrauterine growth restriction is a condition fetus does not reach its growth potential and associated with perinatal mobility and mortality. Intrauterine growth restriction is caused by placental insufficiency, which determines cardiovascular abnormalities in the fetus. This condition, moreover, should prompt intensive antenatal surveillance of the fetus as well as follow-up of infants that had intrauterine growth restriction as short and long-term sequele should be considered.

Associations of Intrauterine Growth Restriction Among Term Infants and Maternal Pregnancy Intendedness, Initial Happiness About Being Pregnant, and Sense of Control

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 111 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 1171-1175
Author(s):  
Sharon Durousseau ◽  
Gilberto F. Chavez
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Psychosocial Factors ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Sense Of Control ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Pregnancy Intendedness

Objective. Term infants (≥37 weeks’ gestation) who weigh <2500 g have intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and have a higher risk of mortality and morbidity. Little is known about how psychosocial factors affect the risk of IUGR. We examined the association between IUGR and maternal pregnancy intendedness, initial happiness about becoming pregnant, and maternal sense of control. Methods. We analyzed data from a survey of California mothers aged ≥15 years with term live births in 1999 and 2000 (N = 5961). Mothers were asked about pregnancy intendedness before pregnancy, initial happiness about becoming pregnant, and maternal sense of control, assessed by a standardized scale. We examined the association of having an infant with IUGR and these factors in univariate and multivariate analyses. Results. Mothers with low sense of control (3.0%) and average sense of control (2.7%) were more likely to have an infant with IUGR than mothers with high sense of control (1.8%; odds ratio: 1.8; 95% confidence interval: 1.2–2.9; and odds ratio: 1.6; 95% confidence interval: 1.0–2.5). After multivariate analysis, we found no significant association between sense of control and IUGR. We also found no significant association between IUGR and pregnancy intendedness and happiness about becoming pregnant. Conclusions. We found no statistically significant association between IUGR and maternal pregnancy intendedness, initial happiness about becoming pregnant, and maternal sense of control. Although research should continue to explore associations between psychosocial factors and IUGR, prenatal care programs should focus on known risk factors for IUGR.

scholarly journals Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Antenatal and Postnatal Aspects

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. CMPed.S40070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Sharma ◽  
Sweta Shastri ◽  
Pradeep Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Perinatal Asphyxia ◽  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Neonatal Problems

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), a condition that occurs due to various reasons, is an important cause of fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. It has been defined as a rate of fetal growth that is less than normal in light of the growth potential of that specific infant. Usually, IUGR and small for gestational age (SGA) are used interchangeably in literature, even though there exist minute differences between them. SGA has been defined as having birth weight less than two standard deviations below the mean or less than the 10th percentile of a population-specific birth weight for specific gestational age. These infants have many acute neonatal problems that include perinatal asphyxia, hypothermia, hypoglycemia, and polycythemia. The likely long-term complications that are prone to develop when IUGR infants grow up includes growth retardation, major and subtle neurodevelopmental handicaps, and developmental origin of health and disease. In this review, we have covered various antenatal and postnatal aspects of IUGR.

Cord Blood Ischemia-Modified Albumin Levels in Preterm Infants with Intrauterine Growth Restriction

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nehal M El-Raggal ◽  
Maii M Nawara ◽  
Amani M Abd El-Ghani ◽  
Mary E Zareif ◽  
Basma M Shehata
Keyword(s):  
Cord Blood ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Albumin Level ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Antenatal Ultrasound ◽  
Ischemia Modified Albumin ◽  
Intrauterine Growth

Abstract Background Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is one of the causes of perinatal mortality and morbidity. It is the failure of the fetus to achieve intrinsic growth potential. Since IUGR neonates are more likely to suffer complications including perinatal asphyxia, cold stress, hypoglycemia, hypocalcaemia, hyperbilirubinemia, feed intolerance, NEC, sepsis and even mortality. So, it is important that these infants are identified and managed appropriately at birth. Purpose The present study aims to determine the possible association between cord blood ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) levels and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in preterm infants with or without complicated gestations. Patients and Method Eighty mothers and their preterm neonates (<37 weeks’ gestation) identified in 2 groups according to antenatal ultrasound: a group with prospective antenatal diagnosis of IUGR and the other group with normal fetal development, after consideration of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Cord blood Albumin and Ischemia modified albumin were estimated by double-antibody sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results Cord blood IMA was significantly higher in IUGR group compared to control group. Consequently, albumin level was significantly lower in IUGR group compared to other group. IMA was inversely correlation with Hb level and albumin level was inversely correlated with liver function tests (ALT and AST). Conclusion There is a positive association between IMA level and IUGR. This sent a message that combined antenatal ultrasound and serum IMA is a better predictor of intrauterine growth restriction and subsequent better care of neonates with IUGR.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factor for intrauterine growth restriction among pregnancy-induced hypertension patient

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 3985
Author(s):  
Varuni Sharma ◽  
Navin Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Specialist Care ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Global Health Issue ◽  
Hypertensive Disorders In Pregnancy

Background: Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) remain a major global health issue not only because of the associated high adverse maternal outcomes but there is a close accompaniment of significant perinatal morbidity. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), a condition that occurs due to various reasons, is an important cause of fetal. It has been defined as a rate of fetal growth that is less than normal in light of the growth potential of that specific infant. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and risk factor for IUGR among the PIH patient.Methods: A prospective randomized controlled clinical trial of 25 patients was carried out in Kamla Raja Hospital and Out Patient Department of Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior from October 6th to October 2007. A total number of 25 patients were included in study of PIH.Results: conclude that the prevalence and risk factor for IUGR among the PIH patient.  The Distribution prevalence of sociodemographical factor for IUGR among PIH patient is statistically not significant. It concluded that there is no significance (no effect) between risk factors of IUGR among the pregnancy induced hypertension.Conclusions: The prevalence of IUGR found in this study. There is need to increase awareness among medical and paramedical personnel on the need for early referral of women with previous history of IUGR, preeclampsia, multiple gestations, gestational diabetes and obesity for specialist care as they have a higher risk.

scholarly journals Intrauterine growth restriction and adult disease: the role of adipocytokines

2009 ◽  
Vol 160 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Despina D Briana ◽  
Ariadne Malamitsi-Puchner
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Thrifty Phenotype

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is the failure of the fetus to achieve his/her intrinsic growth potential, due to anatomical and/or functional disorders and diseases in the feto–placental–maternal unit. IUGR results in significant perinatal and long-term complications, including the development of insulin resistance/metabolic syndrome in adulthood.The thrifty phenotype hypothesis holds that intrauterine malnutrition leads to an adaptive response that alters the fetal metabolic and hormonal milieu designed for intrauterine survival. This fetal programming predisposes to an increased susceptibility for chronic diseases. Although the mechanisms controlling intrauterine growth are poorly understood, adipose tissue may play an important role in linking poor fetal growth to the subsequent development of adult diseases. Adipose tissue secretes a number of hormones, called adipocytokines, important in modulating metabolism and recently involved in intrauterine growth.This review aims to summarize reported findings concerning the role of adipocytokines (leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL6), visfatin, resistin, apelin) in early life, while attempting to speculate mechanisms through which differential regulation of adipocytokines in IUGR may influence the risk for development of chronic diseases in later life.

scholarly journals Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Guidelines for the use of Obstetrical Ultrasound

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-351
Author(s):  
Giampaolo Mandruzzato
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Perinatal Outcome ◽  
Obstet Gynecol ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Perinatal Medicine ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Obstetrical Ultrasound

ABSTRACT Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a major problem in perinatal medicine. It is the second cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity after prematurity and the two conditions are frequently associated. The principal cause of the poor perinatal outcome is represented by the chronic fetal hypoxemia (FCH) that occurs in 30 to 35% of IUGR fetuses. In order to improve significantly the clinical outcome a timely recognition and a proper management is fundamental. Today the method of choice for monitoring the fetal growth and detect any deviation is represented by serial fetal ulrtasound biometry. After suspicion or recogntion of fetal growth restriction it is necessary to assess the characteristics of the maternal-fetal exchanges in order to detedct or exlude the presence of chronic fetal hypoxemia. How to cite this article Mandruzzato G. Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Guidelines for the use of Obstetrical Ultrasound. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(3):350-351

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