scholarly journals Prevalence of iodine deficiency and goitre during pregnancy in east Hungary

2000 ◽  
pp. 479-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Mezosi ◽  
I Molnar ◽  
A Jakab ◽  
E Balogh ◽  
Z Karanyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nodular Goitre

OBJECTIVE: To assess the iodine nutritional status and the prevalence of goitre during pregnancy in a region of Hungary that appeared to be iodine sufficient in previous studies. DESIGN: A cross-sectional voluntary screening study was organized in which 313 pregnant women participated. METHODS: Urine iodine concentration and the volume of the thyroid gland were measured in every woman. In the presence of low urinary iodine concentrations, goitre, or both, thyroid function tests were performed. RESULTS: Iodine deficiency was found in 57.1% of the pregnant women, and was severe in 15.6%. The volume of the thyroid gland was enlarged in 19.2% of individuals. Nodular goitre was found in 17 women (5.4%). The frequency of goitre and the mean thyroid volume were increased in the group of iodine-deficient women. In the 89 cases of iodine deficiency or goitre, thyrotrophin concentrations were in the normal range; however, the free triiodothyronine:free throxine ratio was increased in 97% of them, indicating that the thyroid gland was in a stimulated state in these individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Iodine deficiency with high prevalence of goitre was recognized among pregnant women in an area that previously appeared to be iodine sufficient. An unexpected mild iodine deficiency was also noted in the non-pregnant control group. Reassessment and continuous monitoring of iodine nutritional status is warranted even in populations that are apparently considered to be 'at no risk' of iodine deficiency, especially in pregnant women. Regular administration of iodine, starting at preconception or in early pregnancy and continuing during the period of nursing, is recommended in these regions.

scholarly journals High prevalence of iodine deficiency in pregnant women living in adequate iodine area

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 762-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verônica Carneiro Borges Mioto ◽  
Ana Carolina de Castro Nassif Gomes Monteiro ◽  
Rosalinda Yossie Asato de Camargo ◽  
Andréia Rodrigues Borel ◽  
Regina Maria Catarino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Serum Thyroglobulin ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status

Objectives Iodine deficiency during pregnancy is associated with obstetric and neonatal adverse outcomes. Serum thyroglobulin (sTg) and thyroid volume (TV) are optional tools to urinary iodine concentration (UIC) for defining iodine status. This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate the iodine status of pregnant women living in iodine-adequate area by spot UIC and correlation with sTg, TV and thyroid function. Methods Two hundred and seventy-three pregnant women were evaluated at three trimesters. All had no previous thyroid disease, no iodine supplementation and negative thyroperoxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies. Thyroid function and sTg were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. TV was determined by ultrasonography; UIC was determined using a modified Sandell–Kolthoff method. Results Median UIC was 146 µg/L, being 52% iodine deficient and only 4% excessive. TSH values were 1.50 ± 0.92, 1.50 ± 0.92 and 1.91 ± 0.96 mIU/L, respectively, in each trimester (P = 0.001). sTg did not change significantly during trimesters with median 11.2 ng/mL and only 3.3% had above 40 ng/mL. Mean TV was 9.3 ± 3.4 mL, which positively correlated with body mass index, but not with sTg. Only 4.5% presented with goitre. When pregnant women were categorized as iodine deficient (UIC < 150 µg/L), adequate (≥150 and <250 µg/L) and excessive (≥250 µg/L), sTg, thyroid hormones and TV at each trimester showed no statistical differences. Conclusions Iodine deficiency was detected frequently in pregnant women living in iodine-adequate area. sTg concentration and TV did not correlate to UIC. Our observation also demonstrated that the Brazilian salt-iodization programme prevents deficiency, but does not maintain iodine status within adequate and recommended ranges for pregnant women.

scholarly journals Iodine nutritional status of children on the island of Tanna, Republic of Vanuatu

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1512-1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mu Li ◽  
Natalie McKelleher ◽  
Theto Moses ◽  
John Mark ◽  
Karen Byth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the iodine nutritional status of children living on the island of Tanna, Republic of Vanuatu.DesignCross-sectional study. Urine and household salt samples were collected for iodine measurement. Thyroid volumes were measured by ultrasound. A food consumption frequency survey was carried out, particularly in relation to salt, iodine-rich foods and foods that containing thiocyanate, a potentially goitrogenic substance. Urinary thiocyanate levels were also measured.SettingIsland rural communities in Tanna, Vanuatu.SubjectsOne hundred and fifty-three schoolchildren between 8 and 10 years of age from four locations on the island participated.ResultsThe median urinary iodine excretion (UIE) among the children was 49mg/l, indicating moderate iodine deficiency. This was corroborated by 27% of boys and 33% of girls having thyroid glands greater than the international standard for their age, and 36% of boys and 45% of girls having thyroid glands greater than the international standard for their body surface area based on ultrasonography. There was a highly statistically significant inverse correlation between thyroid volume and UIE for boys and girls (r= −0·444,P= 0·001 andr= −0·319,P= 0·005, respectively). There was no correlation between thiocyanate and UIE or thyroid volume. Only 34% of children reported to consume fish (tinned or fresh) on a weekly basis.ConclusionsAgainst the common perception, the study has demonstrated that the children on the island of Tanna were in a state of moderate iodine deficiency. More data need to be collected from other Pacific Island countries in order to provide evidence for formulating public policy in prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders in these nations.

scholarly journals Moderate Iodine Deficiency Is Common in Pregnancy but Does Not Alter Maternal and Neonatal Thyroid Function Tests

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tal Schiller ◽  
Arnon Agmon ◽  
Viviana Ostrovsky ◽  
Gabi Shefer ◽  
Hilla Knobler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Neonatal Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency In Pregnancy ◽  
In Pregnancy

IntroductionAn Israeli national survey found that 85% of pregnant women had urinary iodine content (UIC) levels below the adequacy range (&lt;150 µg/L). Widespread desalinated water usage and no national fortification plan are possible causes. Studies assessing relationships between iodine status and maternal and neonatal thyroid function provided varying results. Our aims were to determine whether iodine deficiency was associated with altered maternal or neonatal thyroid function and the factors leading to iodine deficiency.MethodsA cross-sectional study including 100 healthy women without prior thyroid disease, in their first trimester of a singleton pregnancy were recruited from an HMO clinic in central Israel. The women were followed from their first trimester. All women completed a 24-h dietary recall and life habits questionnaires. We tested for UIC, maternal and neonatal thyroid function, maternal autoantibodies, and neonatal outcomes.ResultsMedian UIC in our cohort was 49 µg/L [25%–75% interquartile range (IQR) 16-91.5 µg/L], with 84% below adequacy range. No correlation was found between iodine deficiency and maternal or neonatal thyroid function which remained within normal ranges. Antibody status did not differ, but thyroglobulin levels were significantly higher in iodine insufficient subjects. UIC was higher in women consuming an iodine containing supplement. There was no association between UIC and dietary iodine content or water source.ConclusionsModerate iodine deficiency is common in our healthy pregnant women population. Our data imply that moderate iodine deficiency in pregnancy seem sufficient to maintain normal maternal and neonatal thyroid function.

scholarly journals Iodine Intake and Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women in a Private Clinical Practice in Northwestern Sydney before Mandatory Fortification of Bread with Iodised Salt

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Blumenthal ◽  
Karen Byth ◽  
Creswell J. Eastman
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Antenatal Visit ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional

Aim. The primary objective of the study was to assess the iodine nutritional status, and its effect on thyroid function, of pregnant women in a private obstetrical practice in Sydney.Methods. It was a cross-sectional study undertaken between November 2007 and March 2009. Blood samples were taken from 367 women at their first antenatal visit between 7 and 11 weeks gestation for measurement of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels and spot urine samples for urinary iodine excretion were taken at the same time as blood collection.Results. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) for all women was 81 μg/l (interquartile range 41–169 μg/l). 71.9% of the women exhibited a UIC of <150 μg/l. 26% of the women had a UIC <50 μg/l, and 12% had a UIC <20 μg/l. The only detectable influences on UIC were daily milk intake and pregnancy supplements. There was no statistically significant association between UIC and thyroid function and no evidence for an effect of iodine intake on thyroid function.Conclusions. There is a high prevalence of mild to moderate iodine deficiency in women in Western Sydney but no evidence for a significant adverse effect on thyroid function. The 6.5% prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is unlikely to be due to iodine deficiency.

scholarly journals Thyroid function in pregnant women with mild iodine deficiency

2003 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Fadeev ◽  
S. V. Lesnikova ◽  
G. A. Melnichenko
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Potassium Iodide ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Therapy Group ◽  
Preventive Therapy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Additional Risk

The study whose purpose was to examine the time course of changes in the function of thyroid gland (TG) in pregnant women with mild iodine deficiency enrolled 218 females in different periods of pregnancy in accordance with the following criteria: the absence of dysfunction (of TG). In 128 patients of them, baseline TG pathology was absent; 90 patients were found to have these or those types of euthyroid goiter. Some women received iodine preventive therapy (150-200 mcg of potassium iodide daily) on an individual basis. Comparison of the levels of TTH and T4 in women receiving and no receiving iodine preventive therapy revealed that by the end of pregnancy, those receiving 150-200 pg of potassium iodide had significantly lower TTN levels and higher T4 levels. Comparing the time course of changes in the volume of TG between these groups showed that they did not increase to a significantly greater extent in the females receiving no iodine preventive therapy. Whether potassium iodide was used, there were no changes in the size of TG nodal masses during pregnancy. In the control group, active smokers were fewer than those in the goiter group (p = 0.035). Six-ten months after labor, the volume of TG further increased in the females without iodine preventive therapy group while that substantially decreased in those receiving 150-200 pg of iodine daily. It is concluded that pregnancy in the presence of mild iodine deficiency is accompanied by a higher risk of the development and progression of goiter, and by a risk for gestational hypothyroxinemia, which is prevented by an individual iodine preventive therapy with 150-200 pg of potassium iodide daily. Furthermore, pregnancy is not accompanied by a risk of increases in the size of nodal euthyroid colloid goiter that does not itself entail an additional risk for gestational hypothyroxinemia.

scholarly journals HYPOTHYROIDISM AND GOITER IN A YOUNG MALE WITH SUSPECTED DIETARY IODINE DEFICIENCY FOLLOWED BY THYROTOXICOSIS AFTER IODINE SUPPLEMENTATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e19-e22
Author(s):  
Itivrita Goyal ◽  
Manu Raj Pandey ◽  
Rajeev Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Free Thyroxine ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
Function Tests

Objective: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) remain a major public health concern in most parts of the world but are extremely rare in North America. We describe a case of goiter in a young male with dietary history and findings suggestive of IDD. Methods: Laboratory and imaging procedures including thyroid function tests, autoantibodies, urine iodine, thyroid ultrasound, and radioactive iodine (RAI) uptake scan were performed. Results: On initial presentation, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was 24.4 mIU/L (normal range is 0.4 to 5.0 mIU/L), free thyroxine was <0.4 ng/dL (normal range is 0.8 to 1.8 ng/dL), and thyroid peroxidase antibody was positive at 43 IU/mL (normal range is <35 IU/mL). He reported consuming strawberries and peanut butter sandwiches with no intake of dairy or seafood due to gastrointestinal issues (abdominal pain, bloating, and nausea). Physical exam revealed a diffusely enlarged, palpable thyroid gland (grade II goiter). Ultrasound of the neck showed an enlarged thyroid gland with no nodules. RAI uptake scan showed diffuse increased uptake (91%). Given his poor diet, a 24-hour urinary iodine excretion test was ordered which was suggestive of very low iodine intake. He was started on multivitamins with 150 μg of iodine daily. On follow up, clinical exam showed grade I goiter and TSH had normalized to 0.7 mIU/L and free thyroxine was 1.2 ng/dL. He continued on iodine supplementation and tolerated iodine-rich foods. Six months later, thyroid function tests showed hyperthyroidism with TSH of <0.002 ng/dL and free thyroxine was elevated to 2.8 ng/dL. Iodine supplements were stopped. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism and goiter due to IDD should be suspected in the setting of poor dietary intake. IDDs can be rapidly diagnosed in a patient on a restricted diet with multiple urinary iodine determinations and RAI study. Regular thyroid labs should be done to monitor for hyperthyroidism that can develop after iodine supplementation.

scholarly journals Iodine deficiency among Belgian pregnant women not fully corrected by iodine-containing multivitamins: a national cross-sectional survey

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (12) ◽  
pp. 2276-2284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Vandevijvere ◽  
Sihame Amsalkhir ◽  
Ahmed Bensouda Mourri ◽  
Herman Van Oyen ◽  
Rodrigo Moreno-Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status

Low iodine intake during pregnancy may cause thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women and their newborn. In the present study, iodine status among a nation-wide representative sample of Belgian pregnant women in the first and third trimester of pregnancy was determined, and determinants of iodine status were assessed 1 year after the introduction of bread fortified with iodised salt. The women were selected according to a multistage proportionate-to-size sampling design. Urine samples were collected and a general questionnaire was completed face to face with the study nurse. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) among pregnant women (n1311) was 124·1 μg/l and 122·6 μg/g creatinine when corrected for urinary creatinine. The median UIC in the first trimester (118·3 μg/l) was significantly lower than that in the third trimester (131·0 μg/l) but significantly higher than among non-pregnant women (84·8 μg/l). Iodine-containing supplement intake was reported by 60·8 % of the women and 57·4 % of the women took this supplement daily. The risk of iodine deficiency was significantly higher in younger women, in women not taking iodine-containing supplements, with low consumption of milk and dairy drinks and during autumn. Women with a higher BMI had a higher risk of iodine deficiency but the risk was lower in women who reported alcohol consumption. The median UIC during pregnancy indicates iodine deficiency in Belgium and some women are at a higher risk of deficiency. The current low iodine intake in women of childbearing age precludes the correction of iodine deficiency in pregnant women supplemented with multivitamins containing 150 μg iodine as recommended.

scholarly journals Thyroid volumes in US and Bangladeshi schoolchildren: comparison with European schoolchildren

1999 ◽  
pp. 498-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Xu ◽  
K Sullivan ◽  
R Houston ◽  
J Zhao ◽  
W May ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Children

OBJECTIVE: The World Health Organization (WHO) recently adopted thyroid volume ultrasonography results from European schoolchildren as the international reference for assessing iodine deficiency disorders. Our objective was to describe thyroid volumes measured by ultrasonography in US and Bangladeshi schoolchildren and compare these with European schoolchildren. METHODS: Cross-sectional studies were performed in schoolchildren in the US (n=302) and Bangladesh (n=398). Data were collected on the following: thyroid size by palpation and ultrasonography; urinary iodine; age; sex; weight; and height. RESULTS: Applying the new WHO thyroid volume references to the Bangladeshi children resulted in prevalence estimates of enlarged thyroid of 26% based on body surface area (BSA) and 7% based on age. In contrast, in the US children, the prevalence estimates were less than 1% for each reference. In the US children, the best single predictor of thyroid volume was BSA (R2=0.32), followed by weight (R2=0.31). Using linear regression, upper normal limits (97th percentile) of thyroid volume from US children were calculated for BSA, weight and age, and were found to be lower than the corresponding references based on BSA and age from European schoolchildren. CONCLUSIONS: In areas with malnutrition, such as Bangladesh, the BSA reference should be preferred to the reference based on age. Results from the US children indicated that a thyroid volume reference based on weight alone would perform as well as the one based on BSA. European schoolchildren had larger thyroids than US children, perhaps due to a residual effect of iodine deficiency in the recent past in some areas in Europe.

scholarly journals Iodine Nutritional Status and Related Factors among Chinese School-Age Children in Three Different Areas: A Cross-Sectional Study

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1404
Author(s):  
Xiaoyun Shan ◽  
Changqing Liu ◽  
Xiaoyan Luo ◽  
Yan Zou ◽  
Lichun Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
School Age ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional

We evaluated the iodine nutritional status and related factors among school-age children based on the 2016 National Nutrition and Health Surveillance of Children and Lactating Women; 3808 children from Hebei, Guangxi, and Zhejiang province were included in the study. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), body mass index (BMI), vitamin A (VA), and vitamin D (VD) were measured. The abnormal rate of UIC and TSH were assessed. Relationships between UIC/TSH and the possible factors were analyzed. The overall median UIC was 185.14 µg/L, and the median UIC of children aged 8–10 was 164.60 µg/L. Prevalence of iodine deficiency and excess was 13.84% and 14.36%, respectively, and 12.87% of children showed TSH excess. UIC, as well as the abnormal rates of iodine deficiency (ID) and TSH, were significantly different among the three provinces. The median UICs and excess rates increased with age, reaching 211.45 µg/L and 21.35% at age of 14~, while TSH showed the opposite trend. Overweight children tended to have lower UIC and higher TSH. Higher UIC and TSH were found in VA sufficient group (p < 0.01). Further, the VD deficient group had a higher TSH compared to the sufficient group (p < 0.01). Moreover, UI and TSH distribution was obviously different among different vitamin A/D status (p < 0.05). Although the median UIC of school-age children was optimal, there were pockets of inadequate and excessive UI in the three provinces. Compared to the national IDD monitoring results in 2014, the iodine nutritional status of children was greatly improved. Considerations of region, age, BMI, VA, or VD are needed in the future iodine evaluation and surveillance.

scholarly journals Correlation between Sonographic Findings of Maternal Thyroid Gland and Thyroid Function Tests during Pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maimoona Rasool ◽  
Sarah Maryam ◽  
M. Sohail Anjum Noor ◽  
Mehreen Fatima ◽  
Sultan Ayaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Function Tests ◽  
Maternal Thyroid

Background: Pregnancy has great influence on maternal thyroid gland. It induces significant physiological as well as hormonal changes that alters the maternal thyroid function. Our goal was to determine this pregnancy associated changes in thyroid gland. Objective: To correlate the sonographic findings of maternal thyroid gland with thyroid function tests during pregnancy. Material and methods: 135 pregnant women were recruited in this study, data of TSH, T3 and T4 was obtained and correlated it with the sonographic findings of maternal thyroid gland in each trimester of pregnancy. Results: In the 135 sampled pregnant women, mean thyroid gland volume was 4.08±1.19 cm3. The mean levels of T3, T4 and TSH were v3.37±.44 pmol/L, 14.96±2.49 pmol/L and 1.21±.92 mIU/L respectively. A remarkable correlation between thyroid hormones and thyroid volume was observed. Conclusion: It is concluded that the ultra-sonographic findings is correlated with the thyroid function tests during pregnancy.

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