scholarly journals Alkaline hydrolysis of wool fat (lanolin) in a medium of proton and aprotic solvents

Author(s):  
Saparkali Konuspayev ◽  
Batiha Kassenova ◽  
Zauresh Akhatova ◽  
Roza Nurbaeva

The raw material being studied is the woolen fat of the sheep of the Edilbay fine-fleece and Kazakh arkharomeric fine-fleece, which is excreted when washing wool in primary wool processing plants (PWP) in the regions of Kazakhstan, such as Semipalatinsk, Aktyubinsk, Zhambyl and Tokmak. Earlier we obtained anhydrous lanolin from the fat of various factories of the PWP. In both cases, positive results were obtained and a certificate of compliance of anhydrous lanolin FS RK was obtained. In terms of its chemical composition, wool fat is a mixture of C10-C16 carboxylic acid esters with aliphatic, terpenic, triterpene and sterol alcohols. It also contains vitamins, proteins, sterols and other physiologically active compounds. In the hydrolysis of wool fat, a mixture of sterol alcohols, triterpene alcohols and fatty acid salts are assumed. Valuable among them are sterol alcohols, which constitute up to 29% of the sum of all alcohols. Cholesterol and its derivatives are the raw materials for the synthesis of steroid drugs. Salts of fatty acids are used as an emulsifier in pharmacy and cosmetology. The aim of this paper is to complete the saponification of wool fat and the separation of a mixture of sterol alcohols. We show the patterns of alkaline hydrolysis of wool fat in the liquid phase in the presence of mixtures of various solvents. As a solvent, the ethanol-water, isopropanol-water system in which wool fat is only partially dissolved has been studied. In the wool fat-alcohol-water-NaOH system, a stable emulsion is formed. Ways that prevent the formation of an emulsion are proposed.


2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Carbonell ◽  
S. Bayarri ◽  
J.L. Navarro ◽  
I. Carbonell ◽  
L. Izquierdo

Fresh juices from mandarin varieties, from hybrids, and from blends of these raw materials were evaluated by 100 consumers to determine acceptability, and by 10 trained panelists to quantify sensory attributes. Trained panelists found the juice from Clemenules richer in both mandarin and fresh flavor (odor and taste) whereas Nova juice presented minimum scores for these attributes. These aspects obviously affected the evaluation of acceptability by consumers, who preferred the juice from Clemenules (a Clementine variety) either alone or blended in major proportions with less preferred varieties such as Marisol, Hernandina (Clementines), Ortanique or Nova (hybrids). Nova juice was rejected by most consumers, but accepted by a small group of them. These results are of great importance for the European citrus industry since Clemenules is the most abundant variety and will constitute the main source of raw material for processing plants.



1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdousi Begum ◽  
Md Yousuf A Molla ◽  
M Muhibur Rahman ◽  
Md Abu Bin Hasan Susan

Kinetics of the alkaline hydrolysis of crystal violet (CV) in micelles, reverse micelles and microemulsions of a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was studied at 25 ± 0.1 oC using spectrophotometric method. The rate of alkaline hydrolysis of CV was catalyzed by micellar solutions of CTAB. The pseudo first order rate constant (k') has been found to decrease upon incorporation of 1-butanol to cationic CTAB micelles, which displaces the substrate from the micellar into the aqueous phase. In CTAB/cyclohexane/1-butanol/water system, as the content of 1-butanol increases, specific conductivity and density of the microemulsions and reverse micelles decrease. The change in physical properties also causes change in reaction environment. A change from a micelle-rich (o/w) to a reverse micelle-rich (w/o) condition is apparent for microemulsions and consequently the k' vs. % wt. of 1-butanol profiles show an initial decrease in the k' followed by a gradual increase and finally, to a sharp increase with increasing 1-butanol content. Microemulsions and reverse micelles thus offer the potential to control rate of a reaction by formation of micelles in water phase and reverse micelles in oil phase. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcs.v24i2.9706 Journal of Bangladesh Chemical Society, Vol. 24(2), 173-184, 2011



2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 177-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.F. Bakeeva ◽  
L.A. Kudryavtseva ◽  
D.B. Kudryavtsev ◽  
V.F. Sopin


1999 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 2240-2244 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Ya. Zakharova ◽  
F. G. Valeeva ◽  
L. A. Kudryavtseva ◽  
A. I. Konovalov ◽  
N. L. Zakharchenko ◽  
...  


Author(s):  
V. S. Boltovsky

Plant raw materials are practically an inexhaustible natural resource, since they are constantly renewed in the process of plant photosynthesis, which determines the prospects for their use for industrial processing in various ways, including hydrolytic. The main biopolymer components of plant biomass in terms of their quantitative content are polysaccharides, the hydrolytic processing of which by acidic or enzymatic hydrolysis leads to the formation of monosaccharides and various products obtained from them. This review of scientific literature analyzes theoretical concepts and the current state of research on the development, improvement and prospects for the use of enzymatic hydrolysis of plant raw materials. The efficiency of this process and the composition of the resulting products largely depend on the features of the supramolecular structure of cellulose, the content of hemicelluloses and lignin in the raw material, the balance and activity of the cellulase complex of enzymes. It is shown that the main directions of development and improvement of the processes of enzymatic hydrolysis of plant raw materials at present are the production and use of more effective strains of microorganisms that produce highly active enzymes, the directed creation of complex enzymes (hydrolyzing not only cellulose, but also hemicellulose, as well as destroying lignin), the development of methods for pretreatment of raw materials to increase the reactivity of cellulose and remove lignin and improve the processes of fermentolysis.



2021 ◽  
pp. 86-91
Author(s):  
Татьяна Сергеевна Пучкова ◽  
Василий Аркадьевич Бызов ◽  
Дания Мустафиевна Пихало ◽  
Оксана Михайловна Карасева

Исследования по разработке требований к показателям качества топинамбура и цикория проведены с использованием отечественных и импортных сортов топинамбура из Костромской обл. (ООО «ВИВА»), цикория из Московской обл. (ООО «Современник») урожая 2017-2018 гг. Исследуемые образцы были проанализированы на показатели качества: массовая доля сухого вещества в соке, стружке; углеводный состав экстракта, полученного горячей водной диффузией стружки топинамбура или цикория; углеводный состав в пересчете в г/на 100 г инулинсодержащего сырья. Установлено, что свежеубранные клубни топинамбура содержат 14-19 % углеводов, в том числе 12-17 % инулина, 1,0-1,6 % ди- и моносахаридов; корнеплоды цикория - 17-19 % углеводов, в том числе 15-17 % инулина, 1,0-2,4 % ди- и моносахаридов. В результате разработаны требования к инулинсодержащему сырью для переработки на инулин: массовая доля сухого вещества в клубнях топинамбура и корнеплодах цикория - не менее 22 %, массовая доля инулина - не менее 14 %, массовая доля ди- и моносахаридов - не более 2 %. Разработана принципиальная универсальная технологическая схема переработки инулинсодержащего сырья на инулин и его производные - олигофруктозу и фруктозный сироп. Определены технологические режимы проведения непрерывной диффузии из стружки сырья: температура 80…85 °С, продолжительность процесса - 1 ч, величина гидромодуля - 1:2. Разработаны методы очистки инулинсодержащего экстракта: кислотная коагуляция, очистка активным углем, двухступенчатая ионообменная очистка по схеме К1+А1+К2+А2. В результате очистки примеси сиропа снижаются в десятки раз: цветность - не более 0,5 ед. опт. пл.; массовая доля протеина - не более 0,5 %; золы - не более 0,2 %. Для получения олигофруктозы или фруктозного сиропа предложено проводить неполный или полный гидролиз очищенного сиропа с использованием ферментных препаратов инулиназы компании «Новозаймс» (Дания). Определены оптимальные условия гидролиза инулина для получения олигофруктозы: Т=55…58 °С; рН 4,7-5,2; СВ=19-20 % при продолжительности 22-24 ч и дозировке препарата 0,3-0,4 ед. INU/г СВ. Разработанная технология позволит создать отечественные продукты рационального оздоровительно-профилактического, диетического и диабетического назначения для функционального питания населения. Studies on the development of requirements for the quality indicators of Jerusalem artichoke and chicory were carried out using domestic and imported varieties of Jerusalem artichoke from the Kostroma region. (LLC «VIVA»), chicory from the Moscow region. (LLC «Sovremennik») harvest 2017-2018 The samples under study were analyzed for their quality indicators: mass fraction of dry matter in juice, shavings; carbohydrate composition of the extract obtained by hot water diffusion of Jerusalem artichoke and chicory; carbohydrate composition in terms of g / per 100 g of inulin-containing raw materials. It was found that freshly harvested Jerusalem artichoke tubers contain 14-19 % carbohydrates, including 12-17 % inulin, di- and monosaccharides 1,0-1,6 %; chicory roots 17- 19 % carbohydrates, including 15-17 % inulin, 1,0-2,4 % di- and monosaccharides. As a result, requirements were developed for inulin-containing raw materials for processing into inulin: mass fraction of dry matter in Jerusalem artichoke tubers and chicory root crops - at least 25 %; mass fraction of inulin - not less than 14%; mass fraction of di- and monosaccharides - no more than 2 %. A basic universal technological scheme for processing inulin-containing raw materials into inulin and its derivatives - oligofructose and fructose syrup has been developed. The technological modes of continuous diffusion from raw material chips were determined: temperature 80…85 °С, process duration - 1 h, hydromodule value - 1:2. Methods for purification of inulin-containing extract have been developed - acid coagulation, purification with active carbon, two-stage ion-exchange purification according to the scheme K1 + A1 + K2 + A2. As a result of purification, syrup impurities are reduced tenfold: color - no more than 0,5 units. wholesale pl.; mass fraction of protein - no more than 0,5 %; ash - no more than 0,2 %. To obtain oligofructose or fructose syrup, it is proposed to carry out incomplete or complete hydrolysis of purified syrup using inulinase enzyme preparations from Novozymes (Denmark). The optimal conditions for the hydrolysis of inulin to obtain oligofructose have been determined: T=55…58 °С; pH 4,7-5,2; DM=19-20% with a duration of 22-24 hours and a dosage of the drug 0,3-0,4 units. INU/g DM. The developed technology will make it possible to create domestic products of rational health-improving, preventive, dietary and diabetic nutrition for the creation of functional nutrition products for the population.



Author(s):  
О.Я. МЕЗЕНОВА ◽  
Л.С. БАЙДАЛИНОВА ◽  
В.В. ВОЛКОВ ◽  
С.В. АГАФОНОВА ◽  
Н.Ю. МЕЗЕНОВА ◽  
...  

Обоснована гидролизная высокотемпературная переработка вторичного копченого рыбного сырья, позволяющая глубоко деструктировать рыбную массу. С целью установления рациональных значений варьировали показатели основных параметров гидролиза: температуру сырья, температуру в рубашке автоклава, продолжительность термогидролиза, скорость перемешивания сырья. Были исследованы процессы: с предварительным ферментированием протеолитическим ферментом алкалазой (0,25 к массе системы) и без него, с предварительным удалением жира из рыбной массы и без обезжиривания. Для проведения исследований вторичное сырье шпротного производства головы копченой кильки жирностью 13,8 14,5 18,8 и 24,5 после измельчения смешивали с водой в соотношении 1 : 1 и автоклавировали под давлением 0,150,2 кгс/см2. В экспериментах с предварительным отделением жира копченое сырье смешивали с водой температурой 80С, выдерживали при этой температуре, после чего смесь центрифугировали и из нее декантированием извлекали жир. Установлено, что рациональным способом гидролиза копченого коллагенсодержащего высокоминерализованного рыбного сырья при получении пищевых добавок является комбинированный способ, предусматривающий предварительное отделение жира и предварительное ферментирование алкалазой, с последующим термогидролизом в автоклаве при температуре 130С в течение 60 мин при скорости вращения мешалки 50 об/мин. Выход сублимированного протеинового гидролизата составляет 8,7 при содержании в нем, : протеина 82,7 жира 2,0 минеральных веществ 0,6. Степень экстракции белка в гидролизат составляет 48,0 от его первоначального содержания в сырье. Выход осадочной фракции белковоминеральножирового продукта составляет 35,7 при содержании в нем, : протеина 54,5 жира 18,1 минеральных веществ 23,6. Степень извлечения белка (высокомолекулярных нерастворимых коллагеновых волокон) в осадочную фракцию составляет 45,3. Полученные фракции в сухом (протеиновая) и жидком (белковожировая и жировая) состоянии апробированы в качестве пищевых добавок в составе рецептур капсулированных биологически активных добавок к пище, соусов, закусочных снеков, рыбных пресервов и консервов, шпротного паштета. Hydrolytic hightemperature processing of secondary smoked fish raw materials, which allows to deeply destruct the fish mass, is justified. Indicators of the main parameters of hydrolysis the temperature of the raw material, the temperature in the shirt of the autoclave, the duration of thermal hydrolysis, the mixing rate of raw materials were varied with the aim of establishing rational values. Processes with prefermentation with proteolytic enzyme alcalise (0,25 to the weight of the system) and without him, with preliminary removal of fat from the fish mass and without degreasing were investigated. For research, secondary raw materials of sprat production smoked sprat heads with a fat content of 13,8 14,5 18,8 and 24,5 after grinding were mixed with water in a ratio of 1 : 1 and autoclaved under a pressure of 0,150,2 kgf/cm2. In experiments with the preliminary separation of fat smoked raw material is mixed with water at a temperature of 80C, kept at this temperature, after which the mixture is centrifuged and the fat is extracted from it by decanting. It is established that the rational method of hydrolysis of smoked collagencontaining highly mineralized fish raw materials in the preparation of food additives is a combined method, providing for the preliminary separation of fat and preliminary fermentation with alcalase, followed by thermohydrolysis in an autoclave at a temperature of 130C for 60 min at a speed of rotation of the stirrer 50 rpm. The yield of freezedried protein hydrolysate is 8,7 with the content therein, : protein 82,7 fat 2,0 minerals 0,6. The degree of protein extraction in the hydrolysate is 48,0 of its initial content in the raw material. The yield of the sedimentary fraction of the proteinmineralfat product is 35,7 with the content in it, : protein 54,5 fat 18,1 minerals 23,6. The degree of protein extraction (highmolecular insoluble collagen fibers) in the sedimentary fraction is 45,3. The obtained fractions in the dry (protein) and liquid (fat) state were tested as food additives in the formulations of encapsulated biologically active food additives, sauces, snacks, fish preserves and canned food, sprat paste.



1998 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1454-1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Bakeeva ◽  
L. A. Kudryavtseva ◽  
G. Eme ◽  
E. M. Kosacheva ◽  
V. E. Bel'skii ◽  
...  




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