Modern Solution for Oil Well Multiphase Flows Water Cut Metering

An innovative technology for determining the water cut in well products (without preliminary separation into liquid and gas fractions) uses the results of electrical impedance measurements and its dependence on the alternating current frequency. Water cut meter's sensor includes measuring and current electrodes, between which there is a well's multiphase flow. Imaginary and real components of the impedance quantitatively describe the component composition of the studied oil and gas-water mixtures. In this process, machine learning methods and developed algorithms for features extraction are used. Depending on the type of emulsion, two independent sensors are used in the oil pipeline, one of which measures in a direct emulsion, the other in an inverse emulsion. Tests of the described water cut meter on flow loops in the Russian Federation and in the Netherlands, as well as studies of well flows in oil production facilities in the Russian Federation and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, have shown high measurement accuracy in the full range of water cut, with high gas content, as well as at high salinity and in a wide range of flow rates. To do so, modern methods of data classification based on neural networks and regression modeling implemented using machine learning are employed. It was found that the flow rates of liquid and gas do not affect the results of measuring the water cut due to the high frequency of the impedance measurements - up to 100 thousand measurements per second. Use of in-line multiphase water cut meter makes it possible to apply intelligent methods of processing field information and accumulate statistical data for each well, as a big data element for predicting and modeling in-situ processes. It will also allow to introduce promising production processes aimed at increasing oil production and monitoring the baseline indicators of the well. Novelty of the presented technology: Solution of the problem of high-speed determination of water cut in a multiphase flow without preliminary separation using impedance metering. Creation of mathematical models of multiphase flow and methods for determining the type of flow and the type of emulsion. Machine learning methods and neural networks employment for high-speed analysis of flow changes. Development, successful testing and implementation of an affordable multiphase water cut meter of our own design, which has no analogs in industrial applications.

Study on the behavior of zinc and associated metal-impurities in the process of chlorinating roasting of dross

In this work the issue of processing of dross with preliminary separation of the metal part from the oxide one is reviewed. Based on a comparative analysis of the results of known works it is shown that this approach can be quite effective if a technology is developed for the separate processing of the oxide part to obtain a commercial product. The authors of this work proposed carrying out chlorinating roasting under oxidizing conditions with various chlorine-containing reagents as one of the effective ways of processing the oxide part of the dross. Based on the thermodynamic analysis of the reactions of interaction between the components of the oxide part of the dross and calcium and ammonium chlorides, the principal possibility of obtaining pure zinc oxide, suitable for use as mineral additives in animal feed has been shown. As a result of thermodynamic calculations of the reactions of interaction of impurity metals with calcium chloride and ammonium chloride, the values of Gibbs free energy and reaction rate constants were determined in the temperature range 973 and 1373 K. It has been established that under the conditions of roasting the oxide part of the dross with both calcium chloride and ammonium chloride, a high degree of sublimation of impurity metals from the dross in the form of their chlorides into dust is achieved. It has been shown that roasting the oxide part of the dross using ammonium chloride is more efficient than with calcium chloride.

Determination of phenolic compounds in medicinal preparations by galvanostatic coulometry

In this work, the possibility of using reactions of electrogenerated titrants with phenolic compounds was studied and a method for their coulometric determination in medicaments by galvanostatic coulometry was developed. The research objects were: rutin, salicylic acid and drugs containing phenolic compounds such as «Ascorutin», «Salicylic Paste» and «Salicylic Ointment» of Russian manufacture. Electrogenerated halogens (Cl2, Br2 and I2) and hexacyanoferrate(III)-ions were used as titrants. It was found that for the quantitative determination of phenolic acids, the optimal reagent is electrogenerated bromine, for rutin - electrogenerated bromine and iodine, and for ascorbic acid - any of the studied electrogenerated titrants (Cl2, Br2, I2 and [Fe(CN)6]3-). The correct definition was checked by the «entered-found» method, the error does not exceed 2%. As experimental studies have shown, our method of coulometric titration with electrogenated bromine and iodine is characterized by good reproducibility of results, expression, accuracy and can be used to determine phenolic compounds in drugs, for example, «Ascorutin» tablets. It should be noted that by our procedure it is possible to determine the spectrum of phenol-containing compounds (rutin, ascorbic and salicylic acids) in drugs without their preliminary separation. Therefore, the coulometric method using electrogenerated titrants can be recommended for the determination of salicylic, ascorbic acids and rutin in dosage forms. The proposed method is accurate and eliminates the experiment error in comparison with the Pharmacopoeic method.

Study on the Relations between Hyperspectral Images of Bananas (Musa spp.) from Different Countries, Their Compositional Traits and Growing Conditions

Bananas are some of the most popular fruits around the world. However, there is limited research that explores hyperspectral imaging of bananas and its relationship with the chemical composition and growing conditions. In the study, the relations that exist between the visible near-infrared hyperspectral reflectance imaging data in the 400–1000 nm range of the bananas collected from different countries, the compositional traits and local growing conditions (altitude, temperature and rainfall) and production management (organic/conventional) were explored. The main compositional traits included moisture, starch, dietary fibre, protein, carotene content and the CIE L*a*b* colour values were also determined. The principal component analysis showed the preliminary separation of bananas from different geographical origins and production systems. The compositional and spectral data revealed positively and negatively moderate correlations (r around ±0.50, p < 0.05) between the carotene, starch content, and colour values (a*, b*) on the one hand and the wavelength ranges 405–525 nm, 615–645 nm, 885–985 nm on the other hand. Since the variation in composition and colour values were related to rainfall and temperature, the spectral information is likely also influenced by the growing conditions. The results could be useful to the industry for the improvement of banana quality and traceability.

Separation of ions of cobalt (II) and iron (III) with use of nonselective sulfonic cation resin KU-2-8

A separation method of ions of cobalt (II) and iron (III) has been proposed and studied for the case of their simultaneous presence in a solution. This method includes preliminary separation of an iron portion by alkaline precipitation with pH = 2.3, obtaining the product of simultaneous precipitation of iron and cobalt and extraction of cobalt from it by the method of cation-exchange leaching with the use of nonselective sulfonic cation resin KU-2-8.