Patterns and Distribution of Dental Caries and Dental Fluorosis in Areas with Varying Degrees of Fluoride Ion Concentration in Drinking Water

Relevance. Dental caries is a leading dental disease in children. Aim – to study the quality of drinking water in Smolensk and its region to provide evidence for implementing dental caries preventive measures in children.Materials and methods. We took tap water samples from ten water intake points in seven districts of Smolensk and six Smolensk regions. An accredited testing laboratory of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Smolensk Region carried out water chemical analysis. The study analyzed standard parameters of drinking water quality: pH 6.5-8.5, fluoride content 0.60-1.2 mg/l; water hardness 7.0-9.0 (Sanitary Regulations and Standards 2.1.4.1116-02). The parameter was considered normal if its 95% confidence interval was within the reference range.Results. In Smolensk, the hydrogen ion concentration in centralized drinking water supply systems is within normal limits and amounts to 7.39 (95% CI: 7.32-7.46; р < 0,05) pH units. The mean fluoride concentration in the Smolensk water is 0.19 (95% CI: 0.14-0.23; р < 0,05) mg/l, which is below the normal range. In most Smolensk districts, water hardness is within normal limits, 8.21 mmol/l (95% CI: 7.03-9.39; р < 0,05). However, the upper limit of the confidence interval of 9.39 mg/l and the maximum of 12.0 mg/l exceed the normal range. In the Smolensk region cities, the hydrogen ion concentration is 7.2 (95% CI: 7.02-7.38; р < 0,05) pH units in the centralized drinking water supply. The fluoride concentration in the Smolensk region water is 0.45 mg/l (95% CI: 0.23-0.68; р < 0,05), which demonstrates the fluoride deficiency in water. In the Smolensk region cities, mean water hardness is 6.66 mmol/l (95% CI: 6.00-7.03; р < 0,05), which is below the normal values. However, the CI upper limit of 7.03 mmol/l and the maximum of 7.05 mmol/l are within normal limits.Conclusions. The water of the centralized drinking water supply system in Smolensk and the Smolensk region is low in fluorides. Urgent community and individual preventive measures should be taken to expose children to fluoride.

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Analysis of Fluoride ion Concentration in Drinking Water of Karachi in relation with conductivity and pH

Pakistan Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.15228/2019.v09.i01-4.p01 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ((1-4)) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

S. Manzoor ◽

T. Ahmed ◽

S. Iqbal ◽

F. Somorro ◽

S. Imran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Fluoride Ion

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FLUORIDE AS A NUTRIEN

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.49.3.456 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 456-460

Author(s):

L. J. Filer ◽

Lewis A. Barness ◽

Richard B. Goldbloom ◽

Malcolm A. Holliday ◽

Robert W. Miller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Tooth Enamel ◽

Dental Fluorosis ◽

Normal Component ◽

Fluoride Content ◽

Water Supplies ◽

Calcified Tissues

The association of mottled enamel and dental fluorosis with community drinking water was detected before 1920 and was specifically related to the fluoride content of the water when Churchill, in 1931,1 was able to measure trace amounts of fluoride in drinking water. Also, in areas with communal water supplies naturally contaming increased amounts of fluoride, the occurrence of dental caries was lower than that seen in the general population.2 These observations and subsequent studies3 led to the practice of adding fluoride to communal waters, with a consequent significant reduclion in the incidence of dental caries. Nearly 90 million persons in 7,500 communities4 use water supplies containing an amount of fluoride effective in reducing the dental caries rate. Fluoride is present in the customary diet and in most potable water sources in amounts that vary from 0.1 to 0.5 parts per million (ppm).5 The average dietary intake of fluoride is approximately 0.5 mg daily from these two sources. In the temperate zone, fluoridated community water supplies are increased in fluoride content to a level of 1.0 ppm, thus providing, on the average, a total fluoride ingestion of 1.5 mg per day. A lesser level of fluoridation may be sufficient in warmer climates conducive to a higher water consumption. Fluoride is regarded as an essential nutrient6 and it is now well known to be effective in the maintenance of a tooth enamel that is more resistant to decay. Fluoride is a normal component of tooth enamel and bone. Studies in vivo and in vitro demonstrate that the calcified tissues of both enamel and bone are made up of a combination of hydroxy- and fluor-apatites of varying composition, depending on the abundance of fluoride at the site of formation.

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Dental Caries and Dental Fluorosis Among Schoolchildren Who Were Lifelong Residents of Communities Having Either Low or Optimal Levels of Fluoride in Drinking Water

Journal of Public Health Dentistry ◽

10.1111/j.1752-7325.1998.tb02987.x ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 28-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Robert H. Selwitz ◽

Ruth E. Nowjack-Raymer ◽

Albert Kingman ◽

William S. Driscoll

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Dental Fluorosis

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Fluoride and fi ssure sealants

Essential Dental Public Health ◽

10.1093/oso/9780199679379.003.0018 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Blánaid Daly ◽

Paul Batchelor ◽

Elizabeth Treasure ◽

Richard Watt

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Water Supply ◽

Mode Of Action ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Fluoride Ion ◽

Fissure Sealants ◽

Public Health Perspective ◽

The Usa ◽

History Of

Fluoride has made an enormous contribution to declines in dental caries (Kidd 2005; Murray and Naylor 1996). Fissure sealants are a proven preventive agent. This chapter provides a brief overview of the history of fluoride and presents a brief synopsis of the mode of action, method of delivery, safety, and controversies in the use of fluoride. A public health perspective on fissure sealants will also be presented. An account of the history of fluoride can be found in Kidd (2005) and Murray et al. (2003) and is summarized in this section (see Box 12.1 for key dates). In 1901, Frederick McKay, a dentist in Colorado Springs, USA, noticed that many of his patients, who had spent all their lives in the area, had a distinctive stain on their teeth known locally as ‘Colorado stain’. McKay was puzzled and called in the assistance of a dental researcher G.V. Black. They found that other communities in the USA had the characteristic mottling. Their histological examination of affected teeth showed that the enamel was imperfectly calcified, but that decay in the mottled teeth was no higher than in normal teeth. McKay suspected that something in the water supply was producing the brown stain, and more evidence came from Bauxite, a community formed to house workers of a subsidiary of the Aluminium Company of America (ALCOA). A local dentist noticed that children in Bauxite had mottled teeth, whereas children in nearby Benton did not. McKay investigated the problem but was unable to find a cause for the staining when the water supply was tested. In 1933, Mr H.V. Churchill, Chief Chemist for ALCOA (anxious that aluminium would not be blamed for the mottling), analysed the water and found that the fluoride ion concentration in the water supply of the Bauxite community was abnormally high (13.7 ppm). He tested other communities affected by mottling which had been previously identified by McKay and found that they too had high levels of fluoride present in the water supplies.

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Highly Sensitive Optical Sensor for Selective Detection of Fluoride Level in Drinking Water: Methodology to Fabrication of Prototype Device

10.26434/chemrxiv.14034605.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Arka Chatterjee ◽

Nivedita Pan ◽

Tuhin Kumar Maji ◽

Sheik Saleem Pasha ◽

Soumendra Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Steady State ◽

Detection Limit ◽

Aqueous Media ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Fluoride Ion ◽

Selective Detection ◽

Highly Sensitive ◽

Prototype Device

Excess consumption of fluoride through drinking water and its detrimental effects on human health have been a serious global concern. Therefore, frequent monitoring as well as quantitative determination of fluoride ion (F-) concentration in aqueous media is of vital importance. Herein, we have developed a facile and highly sensitive spectroscopic technique for selective detection of F- in aqueous media using aluminium phthalocyanine chloride (AlPc-Cl) as a sensor. The absorbance as well as steady-state fluorescence intensity of AlPc-Cl has been found to decrease in presence of F- which has been used as a marker for the determination of fluoride ion concentration in water. The structural change in AlPc-Cl after addition of F- has been thoroughly studied by using 19F NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy. Our detailed steady-state as well as time-resolved fluorescence studies reveal that the quenching mechanism is static in nature due to ground state complexation in between F- and AlPc-Cl molecules. The response of the sensor is found to be linear over the F- concentration regime from 0 to 6 parts per million (ppm) with a detection limit of 0.05 ppm. Additionally, it shows an excellent selectivity as well as an insignificant change in sensitivity even in the presence of interfering iron and aluminium ions. Based on the detailed photophysical study, we have further developed a low cost and portable prototype device which shows an excellent sensitivity with the detection limit of 0.10 ppm. This prototype device has a high prospect for real-time monitoring of fluoride ion concentration especially in remote areas.

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Dental caries and its association with increasing water fluoride concentration in district Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213036 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 4005

Author(s):

Nidhi Sharma ◽

Vartika Saxena ◽

Manisha Naithani

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Dental Fluorosis ◽

Fluoride Concentration ◽

World Health ◽

Therapeutic Window ◽

Caries Experience ◽

Fluoride Level ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Water Fluoride

Background: Evidence from scientific literature confirms both beneficial and detrimental effects of fluoride on human health with only a narrow range between intakes associated with these effects. The limits of this range have been controversial among researchers since the 1930s. Considering this, the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit of fluoride in India has been reduced from 1.5 to 1.0 mg/l in 1998. This study aimed to evaluate the association between increasing water fluoride levels and dental caries prevention on permanent teeth.Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 1400 children (aged 6–19 years). Caries experience and dental fluorosis were recorded using DMFT/deft and Dean's index respectively. Also, fluoride concentration in drinking water was analyzed. Around 14.4% of children had dental caries with maximum frequency among 9-10 years of age. A significant negative correlation between caries experience and water fluoride level was found (p<0.05), with the lowest DMFT scores at the fluoride level of 0.61–2 mg/l and the highest at 0.0–0.3 mg/l. Whereas, high prevalence of dental fluorosis was observed above 0.7 mg/l.Results: The study revealed that the presence of 0.3-0.7 mg/l fluoride in drinking water reduces dental caries, without an objectionable rise in dental fluorosis.Conclusions: It can be suggested that fluoride has anticaries property but due to a ‘narrow therapeutic window’ of 0.3-0.7 mg/l, in a country like India where endemic fluorosis is prevalent, its topical application should be encouraged which is almost equally effective with less systemic adverse effects.

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