Psychopathy as a Modus of Human Destructiveness in the Literary and Philosophical Reflection of Postmodernity (Based on the Novels "A Clockwork Orange" by A. Burgess and "The Wasp Factory" by I. Banks)

The sociopolitical circumstances of people's lives are constantly changing, which is studied by science, philosophy and art. The twentieth century is a time of great upheavals that changed the approach to the concept of man and the field of his existence. Philosophers of the second half of the twentieth century pay attention to the destructive nature of state power, its institutions are interpreted as suppressing freedom and consolidating violence as an ideology (the Frankfurt School, J. Baudrillard, S. Zizek, etc.). Another important concept is the interpretation of destructive impulses as a normal component of a person (J. Bataille, Z. Freud, E. Fromm, J. Deleuze, etc.). This idea creates a pattern of behavior that is considered psychopathic in the article. Psychopathy is a genetically determined type of antisocial personality. The phenomenon of psychopathy is a subject not only of scientific study, but also of art: the psychopath became a central character in many works of literature and cinema in the second half of the twentieth century. The article analyzes the novels "A Clockwork Orange" by E. Burgess (1962) and "The Wasp Factory" by I. Banks (1984), where the main characters are teenage psychopaths. The article concludes that these works complement each other, exploring two main areas of human life (the world of the state and the world of the family). It is suggested that by referring to the psychopathic hero, writers describe the changes that take place in society, these changes are also analyzed by philosophers. The fact that psychopathic traits in novels are concentrated in the images of teenagers indicates the possibility of psychopathy developing and spreading in the future.

Deepening of domains at e-beam writing on the -Z surface of lithium niobate

The focus of the study was to investigate the peculiarities of the domains created by electron beam (e-beam) in a surface layer of congruent lithium niobate, which comparable to a depth of electron beam charge penetration. Direct e-beam writing (DEBW) of different domain structures with a scanning electron microscope was performed on the polar -Z cut. Accelerating voltage 15 kV and e-beam current 100 pA were applied. Different patterns of local irradiated squares were used to create domain structures and single domains. No domain contrast was observed by the PFM technique. Based on chemical etching, it was found that the vertices of the domains created do not reach the surface level. The average deepening of the domain vertices was several hundred nanometers and varied depending on the irradiation dose and the location of the irradiated areas (squares) relative to each other. Computer simulation was applied to analyze the spatial distribution of the electric field in the various irradiated patterns. The deepening was explained by the fact that in the near-surface layer there is a sign inversion of the normal component of the electric field strength vector, which controls the domain formation during DEBW. Thus, with the help of e-beam, domains were created completely located in the bulk, in contrast to the domains that are nucleated on the surface of the -Z cut during the polarization inversion with AFM tip. The detected deepening of e-beam domains suggests the possibility of creating the “head-to-head” domain walls in the near-surface layer lithium niobate by DEBW.

Non-Equilibrium Uranium as an Indicator of Global Climate Variations—The World Ocean and Large Lakes

In natural water, as a rule, there is a violation of radioactive equilibrium in the chain 238U … → 234U → 230Th →. Groundwater usually has a 234U/238U ratio in the range of 0.8–3.0 (by activity). However, in some regions, the 234U/238U ratio reaches >10 and up to 50. Ultrahigh excesses of 234U can be explained by climatic variations. During a cold period, minerals accumulate 234U as a normal component of the radioactive chain, and after the melting of permafrost, it is lost from the mineral lattice faster than 238U due to its higher geochemical mobility. This hypothesis was tested using data on the isotopic composition of uranium in the chemo- and bio-genic formations of the World Ocean and large lakes, which are reservoirs that accumulate continental runoff. The World Ocean has the most significant 234U enrichments in the polar and inland seas during periods of climatic warming in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. In the bottom sediments of Lake Baikal, the 234U/238U ratio also increases during warm periods and significantly exceeds the 234U excess of the World Ocean. Furthermore, the 234U/238U ratio in the water of Lake Baikal and its tributaries increases from north to south following a decrease in the area of the continuous permafrost and has a seasonal variation with a maximum 234U/238U ratio in summer. The behavior of 234U in large water reservoirs is consistent with the hypothesis about the decisive influence of permafrost degradation on the anomalies in 234U/238U ratios in groundwater.

Using paleomagnetism to test rolling hinge behaviour of an active low angle normal fault, Papua New Guinea

<p>Metamorphic core complexes (MCC) are widespread in extensional tectonic environments. Despite their significant contribution to extension in rifts, little is known about the origin and evolution of metamorphic core complexes. Particular controversy regards the origin of the typically shallowly dipping (<30°) detachment fault that bounds the footwall core of metamorphic rocks. According to Andersonian faulting theory, normal faults should initiate at a dip of ~60° and frictionally lock up and stop slipping at dips of <30°. One possible solution to this problem is a rolling hinge evolution for the fault. In this scenario the fault initiates at a steep dip of ~60° and evolves to a shallower dip during slip due to the rebound of the footwall in response to progressive unloading as the hangingwall is removed (Wernicke & Axen, 1988; Buck, 1988; Hamilton, 1988). Large rotations of the footwall, indicative of rolling hinge style deformation, may conceivably be measured by comparing the remanent paleomagnetic vector of the footwall rocks with the expected direction of the geomagnetic field at the site where the remanent magnetization was acquired. Using these techniques, large rotations of footwall rocks consistent with rolling hinge style deformation have been demonstrated for the footwalls of oceanic core complexes (Garcés & Gee, 2006; Zhao & Tominaga, 2009; Morris et al., 2009; MacLeod et al., 2011), but not for continental MCCs. In this study we attempt to test, using the remanent magnetization of the footwall rocks, whether rolling hinge style rotations have affected the footwall of the Mai’iu fault, Papua New Guinea. The Mai’iu fault, located in the continental Woodlark Rift, is a rapidly slipping (~1 cm/yr) (Wallace et al., 2014; Webber et al., 2018), shallowly-dipping (<22° at the surface) normal fault (Spencer, 2010; Little et al., 2019) responsible for the Pliocene-Recent exhumation of the domed Suckling-Dayman MCC, which is comprised mostly of Goropu Metabasalt. The remanent magnetization of forty-four samples of footwall Goropu Metabasalt were measured for this study. Close to the fault trace (<1.5 km) a moderately inclined, northerly trending, normal component of magnetic remanence is preserved (Dec: 351.1°, Inc: -35.7°, α₉₅: 6.8°, N= 18 sites). Farther to the south, and up-dip of the fault trace (>1.5 km to 10 km from the fault trace) a normal component is observed in the lower blocking temperature range (Dec: 347.2°, Inc: -41.7°, α₉₅: 9.4°, N= 7 sites) (up to 300-400°C) that we interpret to be equivalent to the normal component present in samples closer to the fault trace. The maximum (un)blocking temperature to which the normal component is carried decreases with increasing distance up-dip and away from the fault trace. In the higher blocking temperature range a southerly trending, reversed component of magnetization is preserved that is more steeply inclined than the component mentioned above (Dec: 177.2°, Inc: 57.1°, α₉₅: 7.3°, N= 8 sites). We interpret the moderately-inclined normal component in both regions to be a recent component of magnetization to have been acquired during the exhumation of the Goropu Metabasalt over the last 780,000 years (Brunhes chron). The origin of the older, reversed component is less clear; however, we prefer the interpretation that this component is also an exhumational overprint that was acquired between 2,600,000-780,000 years ago during the Matuyama chron. Comparison of the direction of the average normal component of both Group 1 and Group 2 samples (Dec: 350.6°, Inc: -37.1°, α₉₅: 5.4°, N= 25 sites) with the expected direction of the geomagnetic field at the paleomagnetic sampling locality indicates that 23.9 ± 2.6° (1σ) of back-rotation about a sub-horizontal axis sub-parallel to fault strike has affected the footwall of the Mai’iu fault. Taking into account the known dip of the fault at the surface of <20-22°, this rotation value implies an original fault dip at depth of 41.3-48.5° that is inherited from a paleo-subduction zone. This result is remarkably consistent with other estimates of the original fault dip: for example, geologically observed fault-bedding cut-off angles on an upper plate imbricate (rider) block imply an original fault dip of ~40-49° (Little et al., 2019). Also, microseismicity between 10-25 km depth implies a modern dip there of 30-40° (Eilon et al., 2015; Abers et al., 2016). This study is the first of its kind to use paleomagnetism to demonstrate that substantial rolling hinge style rotations have affected the footwall of a continental MCC.</p>

Using paleomagnetism to test rolling hinge behaviour of an active low angle normal fault, Papua New Guinea

<p>Metamorphic core complexes (MCC) are widespread in extensional tectonic environments. Despite their significant contribution to extension in rifts, little is known about the origin and evolution of metamorphic core complexes. Particular controversy regards the origin of the typically shallowly dipping (<30°) detachment fault that bounds the footwall core of metamorphic rocks. According to Andersonian faulting theory, normal faults should initiate at a dip of ~60° and frictionally lock up and stop slipping at dips of <30°. One possible solution to this problem is a rolling hinge evolution for the fault. In this scenario the fault initiates at a steep dip of ~60° and evolves to a shallower dip during slip due to the rebound of the footwall in response to progressive unloading as the hangingwall is removed (Wernicke & Axen, 1988; Buck, 1988; Hamilton, 1988). Large rotations of the footwall, indicative of rolling hinge style deformation, may conceivably be measured by comparing the remanent paleomagnetic vector of the footwall rocks with the expected direction of the geomagnetic field at the site where the remanent magnetization was acquired. Using these techniques, large rotations of footwall rocks consistent with rolling hinge style deformation have been demonstrated for the footwalls of oceanic core complexes (Garcés & Gee, 2006; Zhao & Tominaga, 2009; Morris et al., 2009; MacLeod et al., 2011), but not for continental MCCs. In this study we attempt to test, using the remanent magnetization of the footwall rocks, whether rolling hinge style rotations have affected the footwall of the Mai’iu fault, Papua New Guinea. The Mai’iu fault, located in the continental Woodlark Rift, is a rapidly slipping (~1 cm/yr) (Wallace et al., 2014; Webber et al., 2018), shallowly-dipping (<22° at the surface) normal fault (Spencer, 2010; Little et al., 2019) responsible for the Pliocene-Recent exhumation of the domed Suckling-Dayman MCC, which is comprised mostly of Goropu Metabasalt. The remanent magnetization of forty-four samples of footwall Goropu Metabasalt were measured for this study. Close to the fault trace (<1.5 km) a moderately inclined, northerly trending, normal component of magnetic remanence is preserved (Dec: 351.1°, Inc: -35.7°, α₉₅: 6.8°, N= 18 sites). Farther to the south, and up-dip of the fault trace (>1.5 km to 10 km from the fault trace) a normal component is observed in the lower blocking temperature range (Dec: 347.2°, Inc: -41.7°, α₉₅: 9.4°, N= 7 sites) (up to 300-400°C) that we interpret to be equivalent to the normal component present in samples closer to the fault trace. The maximum (un)blocking temperature to which the normal component is carried decreases with increasing distance up-dip and away from the fault trace. In the higher blocking temperature range a southerly trending, reversed component of magnetization is preserved that is more steeply inclined than the component mentioned above (Dec: 177.2°, Inc: 57.1°, α₉₅: 7.3°, N= 8 sites). We interpret the moderately-inclined normal component in both regions to be a recent component of magnetization to have been acquired during the exhumation of the Goropu Metabasalt over the last 780,000 years (Brunhes chron). The origin of the older, reversed component is less clear; however, we prefer the interpretation that this component is also an exhumational overprint that was acquired between 2,600,000-780,000 years ago during the Matuyama chron. Comparison of the direction of the average normal component of both Group 1 and Group 2 samples (Dec: 350.6°, Inc: -37.1°, α₉₅: 5.4°, N= 25 sites) with the expected direction of the geomagnetic field at the paleomagnetic sampling locality indicates that 23.9 ± 2.6° (1σ) of back-rotation about a sub-horizontal axis sub-parallel to fault strike has affected the footwall of the Mai’iu fault. Taking into account the known dip of the fault at the surface of <20-22°, this rotation value implies an original fault dip at depth of 41.3-48.5° that is inherited from a paleo-subduction zone. This result is remarkably consistent with other estimates of the original fault dip: for example, geologically observed fault-bedding cut-off angles on an upper plate imbricate (rider) block imply an original fault dip of ~40-49° (Little et al., 2019). Also, microseismicity between 10-25 km depth implies a modern dip there of 30-40° (Eilon et al., 2015; Abers et al., 2016). This study is the first of its kind to use paleomagnetism to demonstrate that substantial rolling hinge style rotations have affected the footwall of a continental MCC.</p>

Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Associated With Reconnection and Ultra Low Frequency Waves at the Ground: A Case Study

The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) and its effects relating to the transfer of energy and mass from the solar wind into the magnetosphere remain an important focus of magnetospheric physics. One such effect is the generation of Pc4-Pc5 ultra low frequency (ULF) waves (periods of 45–600 s). On July 3, 2007 at ∼ 0500 magnetic local time the Cluster space mission encountered Pc4 frequency Kelvin-Helmholtz waves (KHWs) at the high latitude magnetopause with signatures of persistent vortices. Such signatures included bipolar fluctuations of the magnetic field normal component associated with a total pressure increase and rapid change in density at vortex edges; oscillations of magnetosheath and magnetospheric plasma populations; existence of fast-moving, low-density, mixed plasma; quasi-periodic oscillations of the boundary normal and an anti-phase relation between the normal and parallel components of the boundary velocity. The event occurred during a period of southward polarity of the interplanetary magnetic field according to the OMNI data and THEMIS observations at the subsolar point. Several of the KHI vortices were associated with reconnection indicated by the Walén relation, the presence of deHoffman-Teller frames, field-aligned ion beams observed together with bipolar fluctuations in the normal magnetic field component, and crescent ion distributions. Global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the event also resulted in KHWs at the magnetopause. The observed KHWs associated with reconnection coincided with recorded ULF waves at the ground whose properties suggest that they were driven by those waves. Such properties were the location of Cluster’s magnetic foot point, the Pc4 frequency, and the solar wind conditions.

Well-posedness analysis of a stationary Navier–Stokes hemivariational inequality

This paper provides a well-posedness analysis for a hemivariational inequality of the stationary Navier-Stokes equations by arguments of convex minimization and the Banach fixed point. The hemivariational inequality describes a stationary incompressible fluid flow subject to a nonslip boundary condition and a Clarke subdifferential relation between the total pressure and the normal component of the velocity. Auxiliary Stokes hemivariational inequalities that are useful in proving the solution existence and uniqueness of the Navier–Stokes hemivariational inequality are introduced and analyzed. This treatment naturally leads to a convergent iteration method for solving the Navier–Stokes hemivariational inequality through a sequence of Stokes hemivariational inequalities. Equivalent minimization principles are presented for the auxiliary Stokes hemivariational inequalities which will be useful in developing numerical algorithms.

A Comparison of Sparse and Non-sparse Techniques for Electric-Field Inversion from Normal-Component Magnetograms

An important element of 3D data-driven simulations of solar magnetic fields is the determination of the horizontal electric field at the solar photosphere. This electric field is used to drive the 3D simulations and inject energy and helicity into the solar corona. One outstanding problem is the localisation of the horizontal electric field such that it is consistent with Ohm’s law. Yeates (Astrophys. J.836(1), 131, 2017) put forward a new “sparse” technique for computing the horizontal electric field from normal-component magnetograms that minimises the number of non-zero values. This aims to produce a better representation of Ohm’s law compared to previously used “non-sparse” techniques. To test this new approach we apply it to active region (AR) 10977, along with the previously developed non-sparse technique of Mackay, Green, and van Ballegooijen (Astrophys. J.729(2), 97, 2011). A detailed comparison of the two techniques with coronal observations is used to determine which is the most successful. Results show that the non-sparse technique of Mackay, Green, and van Ballegooijen (2011) produces the best representation for the formation and structure of the sigmoid above AR 10977. In contrast, the Yeates (2017) approach injects strong horizontal fields between spatially separated, evolving magnetic polarities. This injection produces highly twisted unphysical field lines with significantly higher magnetic energy and helicity. It is also demonstrated that the Yeates (2017) approach produces significantly different results that can be inconsistent with the observations depending on whether the horizontal electric field is solved directly or indirectly through the magnetic vector potential. In contrast, the Mackay, Green, and van Ballegooijen (2011) method produces consistent results using either approach. The sparse technique of Yeates (2017) has significant pitfalls when applied to spatially resolved solar data, where future studies need to investigate why these problems arise.

The Influence of Headform/Helmet Friction on Head Impact Biomechanics in Oblique Impacts at Different Tangential Velocities

Oblique impacts of the helmet against the ground are the most frequent scenarios in real-world motorcycle crashes. The combination of two factors that largely affect the results of oblique impact tests are discussed in this work. This study aims to quantify the effect of the friction at the interface between the headform and the interior of a motorcycle helmet at different magnitudes of tangential velocity. The helmeted headform, with low friction and high friction surface of the headform, was dropped against three oblique anvils at different impact velocities resulting in three different magnitudes of the tangential velocity (3.27 m/s, 5.66 m/s, 8.08 m/s) with the same normal component of the impact velocity (5.66 m/s). Three impact directions (front, left-side and right-side) and three repetitions per impact condition were tested resulting in 54 impacts. Tangential velocity variation showed little effect on the linear acceleration results. On the contrary, the rotational results showed that the effect of the headform’s surface depends on the magnitude of the tangential velocity and on the impact direction. These results indicate that a combination of low friction with low tangential velocities may result into underprediction of the rotational headform variables that would not be representative of real-world conditions.