Fluoride and fi ssure sealants

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blánaid Daly ◽  
Paul Batchelor ◽  
Elizabeth Treasure ◽  
Richard Watt
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Fluoride Ion ◽  
Fissure Sealants ◽  
Public Health Perspective ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of

Fluoride has made an enormous contribution to declines in dental caries (Kidd 2005; Murray and Naylor 1996). Fissure sealants are a proven preventive agent. This chapter provides a brief overview of the history of fluoride and presents a brief synopsis of the mode of action, method of delivery, safety, and controversies in the use of fluoride. A public health perspective on fissure sealants will also be presented. An account of the history of fluoride can be found in Kidd (2005) and Murray et al. (2003) and is summarized in this section (see Box 12.1 for key dates). In 1901, Frederick McKay, a dentist in Colorado Springs, USA, noticed that many of his patients, who had spent all their lives in the area, had a distinctive stain on their teeth known locally as ‘Colorado stain’. McKay was puzzled and called in the assistance of a dental researcher G.V. Black. They found that other communities in the USA had the characteristic mottling. Their histological examination of affected teeth showed that the enamel was imperfectly calcified, but that decay in the mottled teeth was no higher than in normal teeth. McKay suspected that something in the water supply was producing the brown stain, and more evidence came from Bauxite, a community formed to house workers of a subsidiary of the Aluminium Company of America (ALCOA). A local dentist noticed that children in Bauxite had mottled teeth, whereas children in nearby Benton did not. McKay investigated the problem but was unable to find a cause for the staining when the water supply was tested. In 1933, Mr H.V. Churchill, Chief Chemist for ALCOA (anxious that aluminium would not be blamed for the mottling), analysed the water and found that the fluoride ion concentration in the water supply of the Bauxite community was abnormally high (13.7 ppm). He tested other communities affected by mottling which had been previously identified by McKay and found that they too had high levels of fluoride present in the water supplies.

Assessment of the drinking water quality for planning endogenic prevention of dental caries

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-93
Author(s):  
A. B. Shashmurina ◽  
O. L. Mishutina ◽  
V. R. Shashmurina
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Normal Limits

Relevance. Dental caries is a leading dental disease in children. Aim – to study the quality of drinking water in Smolensk and its region to provide evidence for implementing dental caries preventive measures in children.Materials and methods. We took tap water samples from ten water intake points in seven districts of Smolensk and six Smolensk regions. An accredited testing laboratory of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Smolensk Region carried out water chemical analysis. The study analyzed standard parameters of drinking water quality: pH 6.5-8.5, fluoride content 0.60-1.2 mg/l; water hardness 7.0-9.0 (Sanitary Regulations and Standards 2.1.4.1116-02). The parameter was considered normal if its 95% confidence interval was within the reference range.Results. In Smolensk, the hydrogen ion concentration in centralized drinking water supply systems is within normal limits and amounts to 7.39 (95% CI: 7.32-7.46; р < 0,05) pH units. The mean fluoride concentration in the Smolensk water is 0.19 (95% CI: 0.14-0.23; р < 0,05) mg/l, which is below the normal range. In most Smolensk districts, water hardness is within normal limits, 8.21 mmol/l (95% CI: 7.03-9.39; р < 0,05). However, the upper limit of the confidence interval of 9.39 mg/l and the maximum of 12.0 mg/l exceed the normal range. In the Smolensk region cities, the hydrogen ion concentration is 7.2 (95% CI: 7.02-7.38; р < 0,05) pH units in the centralized drinking water supply. The fluoride concentration in the Smolensk region water is 0.45 mg/l (95% CI: 0.23-0.68; р < 0,05), which demonstrates the fluoride deficiency in water. In the Smolensk region cities, mean water hardness is 6.66 mmol/l (95% CI: 6.00-7.03; р < 0,05), which is below the normal values. However, the CI upper limit of 7.03 mmol/l and the maximum of 7.05 mmol/l are within normal limits.Conclusions. The water of the centralized drinking water supply system in Smolensk and the Smolensk region is low in fluorides. Urgent community and individual preventive measures should be taken to expose children to fluoride.

scholarly journals Content of Fluorine in Drinking Water in FYR Macedonia

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-37
Author(s):  
M. Carcev ◽  
D. Gjorgev ◽  
F. Tozija ◽  
H. Petanovski
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Optimal Concentration ◽  
Public Water Supply ◽  
The Public ◽  
Who Standards

Abstract From all the methods applied in preventing dental caries, the most significant is the use of fluorides. Nowadays, 6 decades after its massive use, it can certainly be argued that it is the most efficient, cheapest and safest way of preventing dental caries, confirmed by more than 150 longitudinal studies. In order to determine the presence of fluorides in drinking water, in coordination with the Institute for Public Health of the FYR Macedonia in 2009, we conducted a research for determining the presence of fluorides in drinking water from the public water supply in the country. The results from the research showed that concentration of fluorine in drinking water in our country is under 0.3ppm (0.3 mg per litre of water), which indicates a really low amount in accordance to the WHO standards. Optimal concentration was registered in only few water supply facilities in less settled areas, while hyper-fluorinated water was registered in few village wells, which were put out of use after they were located.

Police Violence and Public Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan E. DeVylder ◽  
Deidre M. Anglin ◽  
Lisa Bowleg ◽  
Lisa Fedina ◽  
Bruce G. Link
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Public Health Perspective ◽  
Police Violence ◽  
True Solution ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact

Despite their enormous potential impact on population health and health inequities, police violence and use of excessive force have only recently been addressed from a public health perspective. Moving to change this state of affairs, this article considers police violence in the USA within a social determinants and health disparities framework, highlighting recent literature linking this exposure to mental health symptoms, physical health conditions, and premature mortality. The review demonstrates that police violence is common in the USA; is disproportionately directed toward Black, Latinx, and other marginalized communities; and exerts a significant and adverse effect on a broad range of health outcomes. The state-sponsored nature of police violence, its embedding within a historical and contemporary context of structural racism, and the unique circumstances of the exposure itself make it an especially salient and impactful form of violence exposure, both overlapping with and distinct from other forms of violence. We conclude by noting potential solutions that clinicaly psychology and allied fields may offer to alleviate the impact of police violence, while simultaneously recognizing that a true solution to this issue requires a drastic reformation or replacement of the criminal justice system, as well as addressing the broader context of structural and systemic racism in the USA. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 18 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Children and E-Cigarettes: A New Threat to Health

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Binns ◽  
Mi Kyung Lee ◽  
Wah Yun Low
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Accidental Ingestion ◽  
Public Health Perspective ◽  
Pulmonary Endothelium ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Widespread Availability ◽  
Long Term Studies

The widespread availability and use of E-Cigarettes in many countries has established the need for an assessment of their effect on children. By the end of 2017 the number published annually on E-Cigarettes had increased to 2976 and included 171 papers on E-Cigarettes and children. The objective of this commentary is to provide a review and public health perspective on the effects of E-cigarettes on children. There are four public health questions to be answered: 1. Are E-Cigarettes and replenishing fluids toxic on accidental ingestion? 2. If children smoke E-Cigarettes is this harmful? 3. Does exposure to second hand vapour from E-Cigarettes cause harm to children? 4. Are children (adolescents) who use E Cigarettes more likely to begin smoking conventional cigarettes? There were 2229 reported exposures to e-cigarette fluids and liquid nicotine in the USA in 2017 causing cardiovascular symptoms of varying severity. No deaths were reported although the potential is always there. Exposure to E-Cigarette vapor is less dangerous than cigarette smoke. However it does damage pulmonary endothelium in experimental models. No long term studies are yet available on chronic diseases although vapor does contain carcinogens. Adolescents who use E-Cigarettes are more likely to become tobacco smokers. Because of the accumulating evidence of harm to children great caution should be exercised in widening the public promotion and usage of E-Cigarettes. Children should avoid any contact with E-cigarettes or their vapour.

La Covid-19 en Perú. Una Mirada Bioética a la pandemia

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-35
Author(s):  
Billy Javier Gutierrez Adrianzén
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Alternative Medicine ◽  
Ethical Behavior ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
High Peak ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Public Health Perspective ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health Care Privatization

A bioethical view of the pandemic in Peru implies reviewing the history of crises and similar disasters. This article leads us to understand both Government’s and Citizens’ ethical behavior, from a public health perspective. The introduction presents the influenza pandemic in the context of the WWI. Then we review the possible causes of the current situation and the ethical principles that are violated. Additionally, the health care privatization is analyzed as well as the way it is related to the “alternative medicine”, - due to the increase in prices of the medicine during the pandemic – as an ethical scandal that should not go unnoticed. Finally, some conclusions, which have a nuance of proposal before what will come after passing the high peak of infections. Keywords: Ethical Principles, Beneficence, Non-Maleficence, Autonomy and Justice.

scholarly journals Relationship between Obesity and Dental Caries in Saudi Male Adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Asim Al-Ansari ◽  
Muhammad Nazir
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Caries Prevalence ◽  
Male Adolescents ◽  
Untreated Caries ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
History Of Obesity

Introduction. Obesity and dental caries are global public health problems. There are conflicting reports about the relationship between caries and obesity. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the association between obesity and dental caries among male adolescents. Materials and Methods. This cross-sectional study included a sample of 258 male students’ aged 12 to 15 years from schools in Dammam/Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia. The study involved measuring caries prevalence and DMFT estimates, assessing body mass index (BMI), and administering a self-completion questionnaire. Independent samples Student’s t-test, one-way ANOVA test, Pearson’s correlation test, and bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Results. Caries prevalence of the sample was 79.8%, and the mean score of DMFT was 3.55 ± 2.94. The mean BMI of participants was 23.42 ± 6.82 and 18% were obese (BMI > 30). The obese participants had a higher mean DMFT score (4.46 ± 3.54) than nonobese participants (3.35 ± 2.77) (P=0.021). Similarly, the mean untreated caries was higher in obese (4.17 ± 3.22) than in nonobese participants (3.01 ± 2.66) (P=0.010). In the logistic regression analysis, after controlling for father’s education, family history of obesity, meals per day, fast food per week, and physical activity in the final model, the participants with high caries experience (DMFT = 5–15) were 2.21 times more likely to have obesity than those with low caries experience (DMFT = 0–4) (P=0.04). No/school education of father (odds ratio 3.54, P=0.011), family history of obesity (odds ratio 3.27, P=0.002), and not performing physical activity (odds ratio 4.37, P=0.002) were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of obesity. Conclusion. The prevalence of caries and obesity was high in male adolescents in Saudi Arabia. Obesity was significantly associated with untreated caries and caries experience. Children with high caries experience were more likely to have obesity than children with low caries experience. Preventive programs and policies should address public health issues related to caries and obesity in male teenagers.

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