scholarly journals Determination of decay, larvae resistance, water uptake, color, and hardness properties of wood impregnated with honeybee wax

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 8339-8354
Author(s):  
Çağlar Akçay
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Water Repellent ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Hylotrupes Bajulus ◽  
Uptake Test

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of honeybee wax impregnation on the antifungal, larvicidal, water uptake, color, and mechanical properties of wood. Wood samples (poplar, Scots pine, beech, and lime) were impregnated with melted honeybee wax under vacuum. The wax-impregnated samples were exposed to the wood-decay fungi Trametes versicolor and Neolentinus lepideus for 8 weeks. The larvicidal effect of the beeswax was tested against European old house borer (Hylotrupes bajulus L.). Water uptake, color measurements, and surface hardness were also tested. According to the obtained findings, a 34.6% mass loss was seen in the poplar control wood, and only 3.9% mass loss was found in the 100% beeswax-impregnated samples. The results showed that H. bajulus larvae could digest honeybee wax with wood when beeswax surface treatment was applied. Additionally, an average of 30% larvae mortality rate was achieved on beeswax-treated wood surfaces, compared to a 2.5% rate on the controls. However, when wood was deeply treated with beeswax, larval mortality reached 100%. In the water uptake test, beeswax-treated samples showed water repellent efficiency. The lowest water uptake (24.2%) was obtained in poplar wood treated with 100% beeswax, compared to 92.6% in the poplar control in 96 h immersion time. With the beeswax treatment, a* and b* color values increased, while the L* values decreased.

Differential Expression of a Putative Copper Homeostasis CutC Gene in Fibroporia radiculosa During Initial Decay of Copper-Treated Wood

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-475
Author(s):  
Katie M. Ohno ◽  
Amy B. Bishell ◽  
Glen R. Stanosz
Keyword(s):  
Differential Expression ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Copper Homeostasis ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
Decay Test ◽  
Pinus Spp

Abstract Living organisms require copper for several cellular processes. Yet intracellular concentrations of copper must be regulated to avoid toxicity. Not much is known about mechanisms of copper regulation in wood decay fungi. However, one putative annotation for a copper homeostasis CutC gene (FIBRA_00129), found in other brown-rot wood decay fungi, has been annotated in Fibroporia radiculosa. The aim of this study was to evaluate wood mass loss and differential expression of FIBRA_00129 during initial decay of untreated and copper-treated wood by two copper-tolerant F. radiculosa isolates (FP-90848-T and L-9414-SP) compared with copper-sensitive Gloeophyllum trabeum. Untreated southern pine (Pinus spp.) and ammoniacal copper citrate treated southern pine at three concentrations (0.6%, 1.2%, and 2.4%) were used in a 4-week-long standard decay test. Results showed G. trabeum was unable to decay copper-treated wood while both F. radiculosa isolates successfully decayed southern pine at all copper concentrations. G. trabeum and F. radiculosa L-9414-SP showed no detectable FIBRA_00129 expression over the course of this study. F. radiculosa FP-90848-T showed greater FIBRA_00129 downregulation on copper-treated wood than on untreated wood (P = 0.003). Additionally, there was greater FIBRA_00129 downregulation in F. radiculosa FP-90848-T at week 3 compared with other weeks (P = 0.015). Future studies are needed to further evaluate FIBRA_00129 during the decay process to determine its potential role in copper-tolerance.

scholarly journals Effect of short-chain silicones bearing different functional groups on the resistance of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) against decay fungi

Holzforschung ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malte Pries ◽  
Roland Wagner ◽  
Karl-Heinz Kaesler ◽  
Holger Militz ◽  
Carsten Mai
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Fungal Resistance ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Decay Fungi

Abstract Blocks of pine sapwood and beech wood were treated with water-based emulsions containing short-chain silicones with different α-ω-bonded functional groups, such as diamino, carboxyl and carbonyl, betain, and epoxy groups. The weight percent gain upon treatment of the pine wood specimens was relatively high (10%–20%), but their cross-sectional bulking was low (1%–2.5%). Thus, the anti-shrink efficiency (ASE) due to the treatment was also low. The first water-submersion tests revealed some hydrophobation of the treated wood. A second submersion test, however, revealed successful hydrophobation only for betain-functionalised material. The carboxylated silicone even increased the speed of water uptake as compared to the controls. The samples treated with silicones bearing epoxy, diamino, and carboxy functionalities showed a distinct reduction in mass loss compared to the control samples after 16 weeks of incubation with the fungi Coniophora puteana and Trametes versicolor according to EN 113 and CEN/TS 15083-1, whereas the betain-functionalised silicone did not enhance fungal resistance. All silicones tested lowered the mass loss in a soft rot test according to ENv 807. The mode of action of the silicones is discussed.

Creating water-repellent effects on wood by treatment with silanes

Holzforschung ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Donath ◽  
Holger Militz ◽  
Carsten Mai
Keyword(s):  
Water Uptake ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Water Repellent ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Alkoxy Groups ◽  
Water Repellence ◽  
Water Borne

Abstract Three types of silanes were tested for their ability to impart hydrophobicity to solid wood samples: a tetraalkoxy silane bearing four hydrolysable alkoxy groups; two alkyl-trialkoxy silanes; and two multifunctional oligomeric silane systems. The first two types were applied as monomeric silane solutions and pre-condensed sols. The water uptake of treated wood was considerably reduced, especially after treatment with multifunctional water-borne silane systems, while uptake of gaseous water was not changed. Initial water repellence was most pronounced when a fluoro-alkyl functional oligomeric silane system was used; however, after a longer submersion time (24 h), the reduction in water uptake was strongly diminished. Wetting-drying cycles led to a reduction in hydrophobicity of samples treated with sols of alkoxysilanes, while aqueous functional silanes revealed enhanced water-repellent effects after these tests. This was explained by continued condensation of unreacted silanol groups in the aqueous functional silanes during the wetting-drying cycles. X-Ray mapping of silicon (SEM-EDX) showed that the reduction in water uptake due to the multifunctional silane HS 2909 is caused by plugging of the main penetration pathways such as pits, ray cells and ray tracheids.

Fungi colonizing preservative-treated Douglas-fir poles after remedial treatment with fumigants

1989 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Y. Giron ◽  
Jeffrey J. Morrell
Keyword(s):  
Treated Wood ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Wood Preservatives ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
Fungal Populations

The microfungi present in transmission poles of preservative-treated Douglas-fir remedially treated with one of four fumigants were determined by removing increment cores 5 and 15 years later and culturing them on nutrient media. The microfungi isolated from the wood were then characterized according to their ability to cause a loss in wood weight, to tolerate conventional wood preservatives, and to tolerate wood fumigants. The wood treated with fumigants 5 years earlier was sparsely colonized, while that treated 15 years earlier was colonized more heavily. In general, many of the same species of microfungi occurred in treated and untreated poles. In both, fungal populations were dominated by Scytalidium and Trichoderma spp. None of the isolates caused losses in wood weight greater than 5%, but several exhibited tolerance to short fumigant exposures. The latter trait may help explain the presence of these fungi in wood still containing measurable levels of fumigant. The presence in fumigant-treated wood of fungi previously shown to be antagonistic toward wood decay fungi may help explain the ability of the four test fumigants to provide long-term protection.Key words: fungi, Scytalidium, Trichoderma, colonization, Douglas-fir.

Decomposition of Nothofagus wood in vitro and nutrient mobilization by fungi

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 2193-2202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter W. Clinton ◽  
P. K. Buchanan ◽  
J. P. Wilkie ◽  
S. J. Smaill ◽  
M. O. Kimberley
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Nutrient Mobilization ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Nutrient Contents

The role of fungi in determining rates of wood decomposition and nutrient release in forest ecosystems is poorly understood. The decomposition of wood from three species of Nothofagus by 12 species of widely occurring New Zealand wood-decay fungi was investigated in vitro under standardized conditions. Wood mass loss varied strongly among fungal species and to a lesser extent with the species of wood. The species of fungi in this study were divided into three groups based on the extent of mass loss after 15 weeks: (1) rapid (>65% reduction in mass, Fomes hemitephrus , Pleurotus purpureoolivaceus , Trametes versicolor , and Ganoderma cf. applanatum), (2) intermediate (15%–30%, Phellinus sp., Schizopora radula , Phellinus nothofagi , and Skeletocutis stramenticus ), and (3) slow (<10%, Armillaria novaezelandiae , Postia pelliculosa , Australoporus tasmanicus , and Laetiporus portentosus ). For several fungal species, the final contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium in the remaining wood exceeded the initial nutrient contents in the wood, indicating that nutrient sequestration from the supporting soil matrix occurred during decomposition. Nutrient dynamics during decomposition varied with wood species, but the variation among different fungal species was much greater, indicating that fungal diversity is an important factor in determining nutrient flux in decaying wood.

scholarly journals Effect of the degree of decay on the electrical resistance of wood degraded by brown-rot fungi

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Gao ◽  
Xiaoquan Yue ◽  
Lihai Wang
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Significant Difference

There have been limited efforts to investigate the association between wood decay and electrical resistance; consequently, we have examined the change in the electrical resistance of wood progressively decayed by brown-rot fungi to elucidate the effect of the degree of decay. The rate of mass loss of wood was used as an indicator of the degree of fungal decay. The changes in the moisture content and ion concentrations were measured at various decay stages. The results showed a significant difference in the electrical resistances of sound wood and fungal-treated wood after 24 weeks. The electrical resistance significantly decreased with the exposure time. The degree of decay increased as the mass loss increased, resulting in the severe breakdown of cell walls and the accumulation of fungal mycelia. Empirical models related to the rate of mass loss and the percent decrease in the electrical resistance were established. The moisture content and cation concentrations increased to various degrees in decayed wood. This increase in the cation concentration was considered to play a dominant role in the decrease in the electrical resistance. The study results provide valuable information for developing an electrical resistance based method coupled with ion content measurements for incipient wood decay detection.

scholarly journals Wood modification by furfuryl alcohol caused delayed decomposition response inRhodonia (Postia) placenta

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inger Skrede ◽  
Monica Hongrø Solbakken ◽  
Jaqueline Hess ◽  
Carl Gunnar Fossdal ◽  
Olav Hegnar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
Modified Wood

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to investigate differential expression profiles of the brown rot fungusRhodonia placenta(previouslyPostia placenta) harvested at several time points when grown onPinus radiata(radiata pine) andP. radiatawith three different levels of modification by furfuryl alcohol, an environmentally benign commercial wood protection system. For the first time the entire gene expression pattern of a decay fungus is followed in untreated and modified wood from initial to advanced stages of decay. Results support the current model of a two-step decay mechanism, with an initial oxidative depolymerization followed by hydrolysis of cell-wall polysaccharides. The wood decay process is finished, and the fungus goes into starvation mode after five weeks when grown on unmodifiedP. radiatawood. The pattern of repression of oxidative processes and oxalate synthesis found inP. radiataat later stages of decay is not mirrored for the high furfurylation treatment. The high treatment level provided a more unpredictable expression pattern throughout the entire incubation period. Furfurylation does not seem to directly influence the expression of core plant cell wall hydrolyzing enzymes, as a delayed and prolonged, but similar pattern was observed in theP. radiataand the modified experiments. This indicates that the fungus starts a common decay process in the modified wood, but proceeds at a slower pace as access to the plant cell wall polysaccharides is restricted. This is further supported by the downregulation of hydrolytic enzymes for the high treatment level at the last harvest point (mass loss 14%). Moreover, the mass loss does not increase the last weeks. Collectively, this indicates a potential threshold for lower mass loss for highly modified wood.IMPORTANCEFungi are important decomposers of woody biomass in natural habitats. Investigation of the mechanisms employed by decay fungi in their attempt to degrade wood is important for both the basic scientific understanding of ecology and carbon cycling in nature, and for applied uses of woody materials. For wooden building materials long service life and carbon storage is essential, but decay fungi are responsible for massive losses of wood in service. Thus, optimizing durable wood products for the future are of major importance. In this study we have investigated the fungal genetic response to furfurylated wood, a commercial environmentally benign wood modification approach, that improves service life of wood in outdoor applications. Our results show that there is a delayed wood decay by the fungus as a response to furfurylated wood and new knowledge about the mechanisms behind the delay is provided.

scholarly journals Preservative effect of Tetraclinis articulata and Cedrus atlantica wood extractives against fungal decay

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noura Salhi ◽  
Abdelwahed Fidah ◽  
Mohamed Rahouti ◽  
My Rchid Ismaili ◽  
Bouselham Kabouchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treated Wood ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Wood Preservative ◽  
Fungal Decay ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Plant Essential Oils ◽  
Cedrus Atlantica ◽  
Mass Losses ◽  
Tetraclinis Articulata ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi

Testing environmentaly-friendly plant essential oils for their ability to protect non-durable wood against wood decay fungi is a research topic of current interest. In this study, wood preservative potential of extracts from the wood of the durable species, Tetraclinis articulata and Cedrus atlantica were assessed on non-durable maritime pine sapwood, Pinus pinaster var atlantica, after exposure to three wood decay fungi, according to the EN 113 Standard. Significant differences were observed between treatment effects of these extracts, between fungal decay levels and between oils concentrations. Overall, mean mass losses of treated wood specimens were above 8%. T. articulata root burl extract gave the best protection level for this type of wood against Gleophyllum trabeum and Rhodonia placenta but only at test concentrations above 0.1%v/v. However, efficacy levels of both extracts’ treatments, applied at the tested concentrations, were judged insufficient on the basis of the NF EN 113 standard used.

scholarly journals Experimental evidence that fungal symbionts of beetles suppress wood decay by competing with decay fungi

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Skelton ◽  
Andrew Loyd ◽  
Jason A. Smith ◽  
Robert A. Blanchette ◽  
Benjamin W. Held ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Bark And Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Symbiotic Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot Decay ◽  
Forest Biology

Throughout forests worldwide, bark and ambrosia beetles inoculate dead and dying trees with symbiotic fungi. We experimentally determined the effects of three common and widely distributed ascomycete symbionts, and one introduced Asian basidiomycete symbiont on the decay of pine sapwood. Ascomycetes caused less than 5% mass loss and no structural degradation, whereas the basidiomycete Flavodon ambrosius caused nearly 15% mass loss and visible degradation of wood structure. In co-inoculation experiments, the beetle symbionts Ophiostoma ips and Raffaelea fusca reduced white and brown rot decay through competition with Ganoderma curtisii and Phaeolus schweinitzii, respectively. The inhibitory effects of O. ips and R. fusca on decay were negated when co-inoculated with F. ambrosius, suggesting that widespread introduction of this beetle symbiont could alter forest carbon fluxes. In contrast to the predominant forest biology narrative, most bark and ambrosia beetles introduce fungi that delay rather than facilitate tree biomass recycling.

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