Decomposition of Nothofagus wood in vitro and nutrient mobilization by fungi

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 2193-2202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter W. Clinton ◽  
P. K. Buchanan ◽  
J. P. Wilkie ◽  
S. J. Smaill ◽  
M. O. Kimberley
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Nutrient Mobilization ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Nutrient Contents

The role of fungi in determining rates of wood decomposition and nutrient release in forest ecosystems is poorly understood. The decomposition of wood from three species of Nothofagus by 12 species of widely occurring New Zealand wood-decay fungi was investigated in vitro under standardized conditions. Wood mass loss varied strongly among fungal species and to a lesser extent with the species of wood. The species of fungi in this study were divided into three groups based on the extent of mass loss after 15 weeks: (1) rapid (>65% reduction in mass, Fomes hemitephrus , Pleurotus purpureoolivaceus , Trametes versicolor , and Ganoderma cf. applanatum), (2) intermediate (15%–30%, Phellinus sp., Schizopora radula , Phellinus nothofagi , and Skeletocutis stramenticus ), and (3) slow (<10%, Armillaria novaezelandiae , Postia pelliculosa , Australoporus tasmanicus , and Laetiporus portentosus ). For several fungal species, the final contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium in the remaining wood exceeded the initial nutrient contents in the wood, indicating that nutrient sequestration from the supporting soil matrix occurred during decomposition. Nutrient dynamics during decomposition varied with wood species, but the variation among different fungal species was much greater, indicating that fungal diversity is an important factor in determining nutrient flux in decaying wood.

Aliphatic acids as spore germination inhibitors of wood-decay fungi in vitro

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elmer L. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Aliphatic Acids ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi

Influences of eight saturated aliphatic acids (C5–C10, C12, and C16) on basidiospores of four isolates of wood-decay fungi (Poria tenuis and Trametes hispida, white rot fungi, and two isolates of the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum) were observed in vitro. Spore responses after 24 h on malt extract agar containing 10, 102 or 103 ppm of each acid included normal germination, delay of germ tube emergence, vacuolation and degeneration of spore cytoplasm, and prevention of germ tube development without spore destruction. Acids of chain length C5–C10 prevented spore germination and killed spores of all fungi at concentrations of 20–50 ppm in media, whereas other acids tested were less active. Spore germination assay of decay fungi may prove useful as a screening tool to compare potency of wood preservatives.

scholarly journals The Composition, Anti-mildew and Anti-wood-decay Fungal Activities of the Leaf and Fruit Oils of Juniperus Formosana from Taiwan

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1300800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Chang Su ◽  
Kuan-Ping Hsu ◽  
Eugene I-Chen Wang ◽  
Chen-Lung Ho
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Active Source ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Fruit Oil ◽  
Type Apparatus

In this study, anti-mildew and anti-wood-decay fungal activities of the leaf and fruits essential oil and its constituents from Juniperus formosana were evaluated in vitro against seven mildew fungi and four wood decay fungi, respectively. The main compounds responsible for the anti-mildew and anti-wood-decay fungal activities were also identified. The essential oil from the fresh leaves and fruits of J. formosana were isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by GC-FID and GC-MS, respectively. The leaf oil mainly consisted of α-pinene (41.0%), limonene (11.5%), α-cadinol (11.0%), elemol (6.3%), and β-myrcene (5.8%); the fruit oil was mostly α-pinene (40.9%), β-myrcene (32.4%), α-thujene (5.9%) and limonene (5.9%). Comparing the anti-mildew and anti-wood-decay fungal activities of the oils suggested that the leaf oil was the most effective. For the anti-mildew and anti-wood-decay fungal activities of the leaf oil, the active source compounds were determined to be α-cadinol and elemol.

scholarly journals Altitudinal upwards shifts in fungal fruiting in the Alps

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1919) ◽  
pp. 20192348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Diez ◽  
Håvard Kauserud ◽  
Carrie Andrew ◽  
Einar Heegaard ◽  
Irmgard Krisai-Greilhuber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Fruit Body ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
Physiological Limit ◽  
The Alps

Many plant and animal species are changing their latitudinal and/or altitudinal distributions in response to climate change, but whether fungi show similar changes is largely unknown. Here, we use historical fungal fruit body records from the European Alps to assess altitudinal changes in fungal fruiting between 1960 and 2010. We observe that many fungal species are fruiting at significantly higher elevations in 2010 compared to 1960, and especially so among soil-dwelling fungi. Wood-decay fungi, being dependent on the presence of one or a few host trees, show a slower response. Species growing at higher elevations changed their altitudinal fruiting patterns significantly more than lowland species. Environmental changes in high altitudes may lead to proportionally stronger responses, since high-altitude species live closer to their physiological limit. These aboveground changes in fruiting patterns probably mirror corresponding shifts in belowground fungal communities, suggesting parallel shifts in important ecosystem functions.

In vitro interactions between Armillaria luteobubalina and other wood decay fungi

1990 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 753-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.H. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Wood Decay ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
In Vitro Interactions

scholarly journals Relative In Vitro Wood Decay Resistance of Sapwood from Landscape Trees of Southern Temperate Regions

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Baietto ◽  
A. Dan Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
Landscape Trees

The development of wood decay caused by 12 major root-rot and trunk-rot fungi was investigated in vitro with sapwood extracted from nine ornamental and landscape hardwood and conifer species native to southern temperate regions of North America, Europe, and the lower Mississippi Delta. Wood decay rates based on dry weight loss for 108 host tree–wood decay fungi combinations were compared at 21 °C over 1-year and 2-year incubation periods in the absence of tree-resistance mechanisms. Strains of Armillaria mellea, Ganoderma lucidum, and Heterobasidion annosum exhibited the highest decay potential in most tree species tested. The order of fungi causing the greatest decay varied over time as a result of temporal changes in decay-rate curves. Relative wood durability or resistance to decay generally was greater in gymnosperm than in angiosperm wood types. Quercus nuttallii, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, and Quercus lyrata sustained the highest levels of decay by all fungi. Northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis) sapwood was most resistant to decay by all rot-fungi tested, sustaining only limited weight loss after 1 and 2 years of decay, although sapwood of Pinus taeda, Liquidambar styraciflua, and Platanus occidentalis had relatively low levels of decay after 2 years. These results in combination with data from portable decay-detection devices provide useful information for the management of tree breakages or failures resulting from wood decay fungi in hazardous landscape trees. Some potential landscaping applications for tree evaluations, risk assessments, and selections for tree-replacement plantings are discussed.

scholarly journals Decaying hardwood associated fungi showing signatures of polyethylene degradation

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 7056-7070
Author(s):  
Prameesha Perera ◽  
Anushi Suwanethya Deraniyagala ◽  
Maduri Piumi Sashikala Mahawaththage ◽  
Harshini Herath ◽  
Chandima Shashikala Kumari Rajapakse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Percent Reduction ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Decay Fungi

The involvement of wood decay fungi and the importance of their enzymes in polyethylene degradation is well documented. Therefore, decay-resistant hardwood associated fungi should be better degraders with their versatile enzymatic systems. In the current study, decaying hardwood associated fungi were isolated and their ability to degrade low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was assessed. Thirty-three isolates were identified by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Randomly selected isolates were tested for laccase producing abilities. Three species were selected to test their potentials in LDPE sheet degradation. Fungi were incubated in Czapek-Dox broth containing 20-micron LDPE sheets at room temperature for 60 days. The biodegradation signatures were assessed by analyzing the changes in structural characteristics of LDPE using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), percent reduction of tensile properties, and weight loss. FTIR analysis revealed changes in certain functional groups compared with the control, indicating chemical changes resulting from the treatment. LDPE sheets incubated with fungi showed cracks and holes under SEM analysis, percent reduction in tensile properties, and weight loss, which are the signatures of degradation. This study revealed that the hardwood decaying basidiomycetes, Phlebiopsis flavidoalba, Schizophyllum commune, and Phanerodontia chrysosporium have the potential for in vitro LDPE degradation.

scholarly journals Effects of copper and silver nanoparticles on growth of selected species of pathogenic and wood-decay fungi in vitro

2018 ◽  
Vol 94 (02) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Aleksandrowicz-Trzcińska ◽  
Adam Szaniawski ◽  
Jacek Olchowik ◽  
Stanisław Drozdowski
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi

scholarly journals On the Applicability of Chitosan Oligomers-Amino Acid Conjugate Complexes as Eco-Friendly Fungicides against Grapevine Trunk Pathogens

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 324
Author(s):  
Laura Buzón-Durán ◽  
Natalia Langa-Lomba ◽  
Vicente González-García ◽  
José Casanova-Gascón ◽  
Jesús Martín-Gil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Management Culture ◽  
Amino Acid Conjugate ◽  
Acid Conjugate

In a context in which the incidence and severity of grapevine fungal diseases is increasing as a result of both climate change and modern management culture practices, reducing the excessive use of phytosanitary products in viticulture represents a major challenge. Specifically, grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs), caused by several complexes of wood decay or xylem-inhabiting fungi, pose a major challenge to vineyard sustainability. In this study, the efficacy of chitosan oligomers (COS)–amino acid conjugate complexes against three fungal species belonging to the Botryosphaeriaceae family (Neofusicoccum parvum, Diplodia seriata, and Botryosphaeria dothidea) was investigated both in vitro and in planta. In vitro tests led to EC50 and EC90 effective concentrations in the 254.6−448.5 and 672.1−1498.5 µg·mL−1 range, respectively, depending on the amino acid involved in the conjugate complex (viz. cysteine, glycine, proline or tyrosine) and on the pathogen assayed. A synergistic effect between COS and the amino acids was observed against D. seriata and B. dothidea (synergy factors of up to 2.5 and 2.8, respectively, according to Wadley’s method). The formulations based on COS and on the conjugate complex that showed the best inhibition rates, COS−tyrosine, were further investigated in a greenhouse trial on grafted vines of two varieties (”Tempranillo” on 775P and “Garnacha” on 110R rootstock), artificially inoculated with the mentioned three Botryosphaeriaceae species. The in planta bioassay revealed that the chosen formulations induced a significant decrease in disease severity against N. parvum and B. dothidea. In summary, the reported conjugate complexes may be promising enough to be worthy of additional examination in larger field trials.

scholarly journals Determination of decay, larvae resistance, water uptake, color, and hardness properties of wood impregnated with honeybee wax

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 8339-8354
Author(s):  
Çağlar Akçay
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Water Repellent ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Hylotrupes Bajulus ◽  
Uptake Test

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of honeybee wax impregnation on the antifungal, larvicidal, water uptake, color, and mechanical properties of wood. Wood samples (poplar, Scots pine, beech, and lime) were impregnated with melted honeybee wax under vacuum. The wax-impregnated samples were exposed to the wood-decay fungi Trametes versicolor and Neolentinus lepideus for 8 weeks. The larvicidal effect of the beeswax was tested against European old house borer (Hylotrupes bajulus L.). Water uptake, color measurements, and surface hardness were also tested. According to the obtained findings, a 34.6% mass loss was seen in the poplar control wood, and only 3.9% mass loss was found in the 100% beeswax-impregnated samples. The results showed that H. bajulus larvae could digest honeybee wax with wood when beeswax surface treatment was applied. Additionally, an average of 30% larvae mortality rate was achieved on beeswax-treated wood surfaces, compared to a 2.5% rate on the controls. However, when wood was deeply treated with beeswax, larval mortality reached 100%. In the water uptake test, beeswax-treated samples showed water repellent efficiency. The lowest water uptake (24.2%) was obtained in poplar wood treated with 100% beeswax, compared to 92.6% in the poplar control in 96 h immersion time. With the beeswax treatment, a* and b* color values increased, while the L* values decreased.

scholarly journals Attempts at active protection of Inonotus obliquus by inoculating birches with its mycelium

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Piętka ◽  
Andrzej Grzywacz
Keyword(s):  
Wood Decay ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Inonotus Obliquus ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Active Protection ◽  
Artificial Introduction ◽  
Forest District

Practical application of active protection methods of <em>Inonotus obliquus</em> (Fr.) Pilát. was examined. Thirty live birches and 15 birch stem sections were artificially inoculated with the fungal mycelium in the Mińsk Forest District (E Poland). The mycelium of <em>I. obliquus</em> was not recorded in the felled test trees and birch stem sections upon the completion of the experiment. Artificial introduction of <em>I. obliquus</em> in the natural environment faces significant problems caused by strong competition from other birch wood-decay fungi. As <em>in vitro</em> studies show (individual biotic effect determination), the fungi examined, occurring on birch trees in nature, are dominant species in relation to <em>I. obliquus</em>.

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