Technical Writing as Tralanguage in Favor of a Translation and Productemiccompetence of the Word

Taikomoji kalbotyra ◽

10.15388/taikalbot.2021.15.8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

pp. 95-107

Author(s):

Said-Belarbi Djelloul

Keyword(s):

Technical Writing ◽

Word Meaning ◽

Target Language ◽

Strategic Approach ◽

Major Factors

In translation and traductology, specialists recognize the undeniable relationship between the act of transiting, technical writing and the meaning of the words. However, considerations regarding the problems presented by culture and realia (untranslatable terms) in particular are frequent. It is at the same time the raison d’etre of translation and the source of difficulties. In other words, building a sense of a word or even producing it in case of a failure in the target language is not easy, but is this exercise impossible? If not, what should be done to overcome these pitfalls and cultural difficulties for realia via a translation operation in general and a legal one in particular? Answers to these questions can be found in a proposal entailing a strategic approach, calling on four major factors that the “trauthor” should take into account for the production of the meaning of a word. Finally, a reflection on said factors is made to access the process of ways of teaching for the production of word meaning.

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Study on Strategic Capability of China's Energy Security Protection under New Situation

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.461.797 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 461 ◽

pp. 797-801

Author(s):

Yun Yan ◽

Jing Jing Wan

Keyword(s):

Energy Security ◽

Strategic Thinking ◽

Security Risks ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Strategic Approach ◽

Six Elements ◽

Major Factors ◽

New Situation ◽

Strategic Capability

This paper expounds the connotation of energy security and the new changes in the concept of energy security. We analyze the major factors influencing China's energy security and the effect on China's energy security risks, at the same time we also come up with the major challenges under new situation and make six elements of energy security point, then on this basis, propose protecting the strategic capability, the strategic thinking and the strategic approach of China's energy security.

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Virtual Networks in English-for-Specific-Purposes Education

Advances in Linguistics and Communication Studies - Multilingual Writing and Pedagogical Cooperation in Virtual Learning Environments ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-4154-7.ch013 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 318-343

Author(s):

Marina Tzoannopoulou ◽

Bruce Maylath

Keyword(s):

Cultural Awareness ◽

Technical Writing ◽

English For Specific Purposes ◽

Target Language ◽

Virtual Networks ◽

Source Language ◽

Written Texts ◽

Language Analysis ◽

Writing Course ◽

The U.S

This chapter reports on an international telecollaboration involving translation of published materials by students in a journalism course in Greece, followed by review and editing of the translations by students in an international technical writing course in the U.S. A key component of the collaboration was dialogue between the two parties about how best to render the meaning of the text in the source language when translated into the target language. Analysis of the collaboration's results revealed that three types of comments were found in the students' correspondence: translation decisions affecting the English used, translation decisions affecting the journalistic style, and translation decisions related to cultural references in the source texts. The comments helped students minimize misunderstandings and clarify meanings that arose in the drafts and enabled both parties to achieve clear, well-written texts. The collaboration increased students' language and trans-cultural awareness and contributed jointly to producing work at the level expected by professionals.

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PERAN MAKNA DALAM PENERJEMAHAN

LiNGUA Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra ◽

10.18860/ling.v2i1.559 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Abdul Wahab Rosyidi

Keyword(s):

Word Meaning ◽

Time Change ◽

Target Language ◽

The Real ◽

Source Language ◽

Absolute Requirement

Basically translating is not merely transferring meaning behind the words or sentences in a source language into a target language, but also considering many things to identify the real meaning such as, situational, linguistic, and cultural contexts.We should take into account some principles regarding the word meaning, that is, 1) meaning is changeable due to the time change, and the change is not an absolute requirement for any word; 2) a word in a language with different dialects may have different meanings, it is due to the meaning extension and reduction; 3) a word does not refer to the thing it refers to, but it is only a symbol; and 4) a word often has more than one meaning. Therefore, meaning has an important role in a process of translation from a source language into the a target language. For that reason, a translator has to consider which component of meaning accuracy is in line with the meaning in the source language to be translated into the target language.

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Contextualized Translations of Phrasal Verbs with Distributional Compositional Semantics and Monolingual Corpora

Computational Linguistics ◽

10.1162/coli_a_00353 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 395-421 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pablo Gamallo ◽

Susana Sotelo ◽

José Ramom Pichel ◽

Mikel Artetxe

Keyword(s):

Vector Space ◽

Nearest Neighbor ◽

Word Meaning ◽

Target Language ◽

Data Set ◽

Phrasal Verbs ◽

Bilingual Dictionary ◽

Transfer Rules ◽

Distributional Method ◽

Syntactic Dependencies

This article describes a compositional distributional method to generate contextualized senses of words and identify their appropriate translations in the target language using monolingual corpora. Word translation is modeled in the same way as contextualization of word meaning, but in a bilingual vector space. The contextualization of meaning is carried out by means of distributional composition within a structured vector space with syntactic dependencies, and the bilingual space is created by means of transfer rules and a bilingual dictionary. A phrase in the source language, consisting of a head and a dependent, is translated into the target language by selecting both the nearest neighbor of the head given the dependent, and the nearest neighbor of the dependent given the head. This process is expanded to larger phrases by means of incremental composition. Experiments were performed on English and Spanish monolingual corpora in order to translate phrasal verbs in context. A new bilingual data set to evaluate strategies aimed at translating phrasal verbs in restricted syntactic domains has been created and released.

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High-Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy of Biological Specimens

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100103012 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 186-187

Author(s):

M. Müller ◽

R. Hermann

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Freeze Drying ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Structural Information ◽

Freeze Substitution ◽

Critical Point Drying ◽

Sem Study ◽

Major Factors ◽

Structural Preservation ◽

Preparation Techniques

Three major factors must be concomitantly assessed in order to extract relevant structural information from the surface of biological material at high resolution (2-3nm).Procedures based on chemical fixation and dehydration in graded solvent series seem inappropriate when aiming for TEM-like resolution. Cells inevitably shrink up to 30-70% of their initial volume during gehydration; important surface components e.g. glycoproteins may be lost. These problems may be circumvented by preparation techniques based on cryofixation. Freezedrying and freeze-substitution followed by critical point drying yields improved structural preservation in TEM. An appropriate preservation of dimensional integrity may be achieved by freeze-drying at - 85° C. The sample shrinks and may partially collapse as it is warmed to room temperature for subsequent SEM study. Observations at low temperatures are therefore a necessary prerequisite for high fidelity SEM. Compromises however have been unavoidable up until now. Aldehyde prefixation is frequently needed prior to freeze drying, rendering the sample resistant to treatment with distilled water.

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Trainable Children Can Learn Adjectives, Polars, and Prepositions!

Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools ◽

10.1044/0161-1461.0803.181 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 181-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marlys Mitchell ◽

Carolyn Evans ◽

John Bernard

Keyword(s):

Mentally Retarded ◽

Chronological Age ◽

Age Group ◽

Achievement Gains ◽

Active Involvement ◽

Mentally Retarded Children ◽

Locative Prepositions ◽

Major Factors ◽

Trainable Mentally Retarded

Twelve trainable mentally retarded children were given six weeks of instruction in the use of adjectives, polars, and locative prepositions. Specially prepared Language Master cards constituted the program. Posttests indicated that children in the older chronological age group earned significantly higher scores than those in the younger group. Children in the younger group made significant increases in scores, particularly in learning prepositions. A multisensory approach and active involvement in learning appeared to be major factors in achievement gains.

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Thoughts on Grammar Intervention in AAC

Perspectives on Augmentative and Alternative Communication ◽

10.1044/aac17.2.43 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 43-49 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Marc Fey

Keyword(s):

Language Impairment ◽

Specific Language Impairment ◽

Augmentative And Alternative Communication ◽

Communication Systems ◽

Target Language ◽

Alternative Communication ◽

Physical Limitations ◽

Communication Needs ◽

Communication Interventions ◽

Planning Intervention

Abstract In this article, I propose that, for several reasons, grammar should be an early focus of communication interventions for young children using augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems. The basic goals for such programs should be to facilitate the child's comprehension of the language of the community, or the target language, thus leading the way to literacy, and to foster the child's use of symbol combinations that mirror the grammatical patterns of speaking children acquiring the target language, even if they cannot be fully grammatically complete. I introduce five principles that underlie most successful approaches to grammar interventions with children with specific language impairment. My initial attempts to apply these principles to interventions with children with complex communication needs indicate that they may be of considerable value to clinicians planning intervention programs. On the other hand, the challenges posed by the intellectual and physical limitations of many AAC users and their communication systems make it necessary to modify at least Principle 5 if the basic goals of intervention are to be met.

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