scholarly journals Climate variability, disasters and their impacts assessment in Manahari, rural municipality of Makwanpur, Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 201-210
Author(s):  
Ram Asheshwar Mandal ◽  
Bindu Subedi ◽  
Dhruba Lochan Adhikari ◽  
Ajay Bhakta Mathema
Keyword(s):  
Slope Failure ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Flood Frequency ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Landslide Risk ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Precipitation Trend ◽  
Rural Municipality ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
The Mean

Nepal is climatically very sensitive country because of long drought, heavy floods, landslides and soil erosion caused by changing pattern of rainfall and temperature. However, there are very limited studies related to these issues, thus this research was objectively carried out to analyze temperature and precipitation trend of study area, examine the climate pattern and assess the impacts of climate change hazards on different sectors. Ward number 7 and 8 Manahari Rural Municipality of Makwanpur district was selected as the study site. Total 40 households survey, 15 Key informants interview and two focus group discussions were conducted involving the affected local to collect the primary data. Moreover, secondary data specifically monthly maximum and minimum temperature and rainfall for thirty one years between 1985–2015 were gathered from nearest meteorological station i.e. NFI Hetauda Station (Station No. 906) and Manahari Station (Station No. 920). The drought trend was calculated using the ratio of Precipitation<2Temperatures. The theoretical distribution i.e. Gumbel, Log-Pearson and Log Normal models were applied to predict the flood peaks and maximum rainfalls. The mean annual temperature was increasing at the rate of 0.0226°C per year. The highest mean annual temperature was 24.1°C in 2015. It was found that, the number of days exceeding the maximum average temperature in the period of 31 years. However, the trend of total annual precipitation in Hetauda was decreasing at the rate of 5.6607 mm per year. The highest rainfall was recorded about 3323.1 mm in year 2002 and it was the least only 1626.2 mm in 2012. The January, February, March, November and December were the driest months. Flood frequency using Log Pearson showed the highest flood in 1000 years return period. The mean rank was the highest of drought having value 5 while it was the lowest only 1.4 of flood. The slope failure at the edges of the rural roads also causes landslides which also fills the agriculture land. The locals responded that the drainage systems were poor and there were no protection structure and/or biological component to reduce landslide risk during construction periods. Major five disasters were recorded in Manahari during from March to June whereas, wildlife attack throughout the year and so on.

THE USE OF COMMUNITY LANGUAGE LEARNINGMETHOD TO IMPROVE STUDENTS’ SPEAKING ACHIEVEMENT

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eko Widoyo Putro ◽  
Berlin Sibarani
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Learning Method ◽  
Field Notes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Method Improvement ◽  
Community Language

This study is aimed at improving the second grade of students’ speakingachievement by using Community Language Learning (CLL) Method. Theresearch was conducted by applying classroom action research. The subject of this study was second grade of Private Senior High School (Sekolah Menengah Atas Swasta) of Dwi Tunggal Tanjung Morawa which consisted of 31 students. To collect the data, the instruments used were primary data (SpeakingTest) and secondary data (interview sheet, observation sheet, field notes). It can be seen from the score in test I, test II and test III. In the Test I, the mean of the students’score was (64.77), in the Test II was (71.35), and the mean of the students’ score of the Test III was (80.90). Based on the interview, and observation sheet, it shows that the expression and excitement of the students got improved as well. It was found that teaching of speaking by using Community Language Learningcould significantly improve students’ speaking achievement.Key Words: Community Language Learning, Method, Improvement, Speaking Achievement

scholarly journals Risk Analysis and Community Based Disaster Management Plan of Sateek Village, Aizawl District, Mizoram, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
C. Zoramthara ◽  
Lalthakima
Keyword(s):  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Disaster Management ◽  
Emergency Services ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Landslide Risk ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The People ◽  
Disaster Assessment

Sateek village is vulnerable to plenty of disasters such as earthquake, landslide, forest fire and disease outbreak. Some other features like poverty, remote area from the city, lack of hospital and other emergency services make the people of this village more vulnerable. The present study deals with the idea of community based disaster management (CBDM) and their risk assessment in Sateek village, which is located in Aibawk block of Aizawl District, Mizoram, India. The data used in this research include collection of primary data through interview, questionnaire and Secondary data. Landslide risk analysis was carried out in quantitative approach. The study seized disaster assessment, resource analysis, risk and vulnerable profile and response plan and interpretation in various disaster of Sateek village and how community based disaster management (CBDM) plan can help the people to cope with hazards.

Moisture estimation within a mine heap: An application of cokriging with assay data and electrical resistivity

Geophysics ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. B11-B23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale Rucker
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Correlation Scale ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Moisture Estimation

Cokriging has been applied to estimate the distribution of moisture within a rock pile of low-grade gold ore, or heap. Along with the primary data set of gravimetric moisture content obtained from drilling, electrical resistivity was used to supplement the estimation procedure by supplying a secondary data set. The effectiveness of the cokriging method was determined by comparing the results to kriging the moisture data alone and through least-squares regression (LSR) modeling of colocated resistivity and moisture. In general, the wells from which moisture data were derived were separated by distances far greater than the horizontal correlation scale. The kriging results showed that regions generally undersampled by drilling reverted to the mean of the moisture data. The LSR technique, which provides a simpletransformation of resistivity to moisture, converted the low resis-tivity to highmoisture, and vice versa. The sparse well locations created a high degree of uncertainty in the transformed data set. Extreme resistivity values produced nonphysical moisture values, either negative for the linear model or values greater than one for the power model. The cokriging application, which considers the correlation scale and secondary data, produced the best results, as indicated through the cross validation. The mean and variance of the cokriged moisture were closer to the measured moisture, and the bias in the residuals was the lowest. The application likely could be improved through optimal well placement, whereby the resistivity results guide the drilling program through gross target characterization, and the moisture estimation could be updated iteratively.

scholarly journals High Tissue Factor Microparticle Level in Major Thalassemic Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-95
Author(s):  
Dimmy Prasetya ◽  
Pandji Irani Fianza ◽  
Erwan Martanto ◽  
Teddy Arnold Sihite
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Tissue Factor ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial Pressure ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Mean Pulmonary Arterial Pressure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Clinical Characteristic

Objective: To analyze the correlation between tissue factor microparticles (TF-MP) levels and pulmonary hypertension (PH) in adult thalassemic patients. Methods: This study was conducted from September to October 2018, using secondary and primary data. The secondary data consisted of the PH parameter, which was retrieved from a 2017 previous study entitled ‘Clinical Characteristic and Complication due to Iron Overload in Thalassaemic Patients‘in 2017 while the primary data were the TF-MP, which were obtained from the analysis of frozen serum of the same population using ELISA method. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) values were obtained from echocardiography results and PH was defined as mPAP >25 mmHg. Results: Seven (16.7%) major thalassemic patients experienced PH. The median values of TF-MP levels were higher among major thalassemic patients with PH when compared to the non-PH patients (1569 vs 11.5 pg/dL; p=0.023). No significant difference was observed in the median TF-MP levels between subjects with splenectomy and subjects without splenectomy (11.6 vs 12.3 pg/dL; p=0.44). There was also no difference in mPAP values between subjects with splenectomy and subjects without splenectomy (18.0 vs 17.0 mmHg; p=0.663). When the median TF-MP levels among major thalassemic patients were analyzed in terms of correlation with transfusion level, no statistically significant difference was seen between subjects who received sufficient transfusions (≥180 mL/kgbb/year) and those who received insufficient transfusions (<180 mL/kgbb/year) (r= 0.138; p=0.390). Conclusions: There is a positive correlation between the TF-MP levels and PH in adult major thalassemic subjects.

scholarly journals Projected Change in Temperature and Precipitation Over Africa from CMIP6

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mansour Almazroui ◽  
Fahad Saeed ◽  
Sajjad Saeed ◽  
M. Nazrul Islam ◽  
Muhammad Ismail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate Models ◽  
First Century ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
African Continent ◽  
Model Ensemble ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Projected Change ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Twenty First Century

Abstract We analyze data of 27 global climate models from the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), and examine projected changes in temperature and precipitation over the African continent during the twenty-first century. The temperature and precipitation changes are computed for two future time slices, 2030–2059 (near term) and 2070–2099 (long term), relative to the present climate (1981–2010), for the entire African continent and its eight subregions. The CMIP6 multi-model ensemble projected a continuous and significant increase in the mean annual temperature over all of Africa and its eight subregions during the twenty-first century. The mean annual temperature over Africa for the near (long)-term period is projected to increase by 1.2 °C (1.4 °C), 1.5 °C (2.3 °C), and 1.8 °C (4.4 °C) under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) for weak, moderate, and strong forcing, referenced as SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5, respectively. The future warming is not uniform over Africa and varies regionally. By the end of the twenty-first century, the largest rise in mean annual temperature (5.6 °C) is projected over the Sahara, while the smallest rise (3.5 °C) is over Central East Africa, under the strong forcing SSP5-8.5 scenario. The projected boreal winter and summer temperature patterns for the twenty-first century show spatial distributions similar to the annual patterns. Uncertainty associated with projected temperature over Africa and its eight subregions increases with time and reaches a maximum by the end of the twenty-first century. On the other hand, the precipitation projections over Africa during the twenty-first century show large spatial variability and seasonal dependency. The northern and southern parts of Africa show a reduction in precipitation, while the central parts of Africa show an increase, in future climates under the three reference scenarios. For the near (long)-term periods, the area-averaged precipitation over Africa is projected to increase by 6.2 (4.8)%, 6.8 (8.5)%, and 9.5 (15.2)% under SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5, respectively. The median warming simulated by the CMIP6 model ensemble remains higher than the CMIP5 ensemble over most of Africa, reaching as high as 2.5 °C over some regions, while precipitation shows a mixed spatial pattern.

scholarly journals Residents’ satisfaction on the use of green infrastructure at Osogbo, Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Keyword(s):  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Satisfaction Index ◽  
Developing Cities ◽  
The Mean

Uncontrolled urbanization particularly in developing cities has exerted enormous pressure on green infrastructure which has led to their conscious and unconscious conversion to other land uses. This study investigates the residents’ satisfaction and awareness on the use of green infrastructure (GI) with a view to creating a functional environment. Primary data were obtained from field observations where 166 pretested questionnaires were administered in a stratified random sampling manner on the respondents while secondary data were obtained from conventional sources. Data analysis made use of computations of the Residents’ Satisfaction Index (RSI) and principal component analysis. Results revealed that RSI was highest at 2.60; lowest at 1.93 and average at 2.29 while the deviations from the mean of the highest and the lowest RSI were +0.31 and -0.04. The factor analysis generated four (4) underlying dimensions of the respondents’ view on GI, which made good conceptual sense and explained a total variable of 72.24% of the observed variance. The factors on GI were named as; awareness (27.8%), management (19.98%), provision (13.34%) and type (11.12%). The planning implication is that efforts should be made to increase residents’ satisfaction on variables with low RSI on GI to promote recreation, environmental awareness, beauty, flood reduction and the fight against climate change to uphold an environment that is in harmony with nature.

scholarly journals Selected agroclimatical characteristics of Žabčice region for period 1991–2005

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
Jan Svoboda ◽  
Jan Brotan
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Measured Temperature ◽  
Absolute Minimum ◽  
Monthly Temperature ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Normal Period ◽  
The Mean

Presented work is continuation of the first comprehensive agroclimatological study of Žabcice area (Rožnovský, Svoboda, 1995) and focuses on the time period 1991 to 2005. The work contains some of the agroclimatological data, which are used by number of experts at our university working within area of the MZLU Agricultural Farm in Žabčice especially on project no. J08/984321001. Results are based on data measured by the special agrometeorological station of Institute of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology at MZLU in Brno that is situated within trial area “Obora“ (altitude: 179 m; latitude: N 49°01´; longitude: E 16°16´). Measurements at Žabčice station follow methodology of Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (Slabá, 1972; Fišák, 1994).Climatic diagram according Walter and Leith is usually based on normal period (Rožnovský, Svoboda, 1995) but it is possible to prepare it for shorter period (in this case 1991–2005) and make a comparison. If the ratio of the temperature and precipitation axis is 10:30 (which is the most suitable according our experience) it may be stated that:• During period 1961–1990 the curve of precipitation sums is under the curve of mean monthly temperature from the middle of July till beginning of October. This period is the period of drought for Žabčice.• For the period from 1991 to 2005 the curve of precipitation sums is under the curve of temperature from mid April to mid June (just a slightly, but it can explain spring droughts appearances) and at the begining of August till the end of the first decade of September. In comparison with the normal pe- riod 1961–1990 and the long term mean 1901–1950 for station Židlochovice the probability of possible drought has increased.• Mean annual temperature changed from 9.2 °C to 10.0 °C and precipitation changed from 480.0 mm to 483.0 mm however with different distribution as can be seen at the fig. 4.• The mean monthly temperature of the coldest month increased from – 5.4 °C to – 3.9 °C and lowest measured temperature within this period was – 22.3 °C in comparison with 1961–1990 when the value was – 29.0 °C.• Mean monthly temperature of the warmest month increased from 25.2 °C to 27.2 °C and absolute maximum increased from 36.6 °C to 38.47 °C.• Months with the mean minimum monthly temperature below 0.0 °C and months with absolute minimum below 0.0 °C have also changed. All measured data and calculated values are shown in tables and figures.

scholarly journals TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN ORANG TUA (IBU) TENTANG MAKANAN KARIOGENIK DENGAN KEJADIAN KARIES GIGI PADA SISWA-SISWI KELAS III DI SDN 060971 MEDAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-104
Author(s):  
Rosdiana Tiurlan Simare-mare
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
The Status ◽  
Milk Teeth ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Descriptive Survey

Carcinogenic food is a type of food which cause the incidence of caries. The type of food which can cause the incidence of caries is sweet food which contains a lot of sugar or sucrose. Most children like sweet and sticky food which is one of the causes of the incidence of caries. The research used descriptive survey method with 35 parents and 35 students as the samples. It was aimed to find out the level of knowledge of parents (mothers) in carcinogenic food with the incidence of caries in grade III student of SDN 060971, Medan, in 2016. It was conducted in june , 2016. Primary data were gathered by conducting direct examination and secondary data were obtained from questionnaires. The results of the research showed that 30 respondent (85,7%) had good knowledge of carcinogenic food and the incidenci caries, 3 respondent (8,6%) had moderate knowledge, and 2 respondent (5,7%) had bad knowledge . the result of the research concerning caries of milk teeth showed that the amount def-t was 91 and the mean def-t was 2,6. The result of the reseach concerning the status of caries of permanent teeth showed that amount of DMFT was 75 and the mean DMF-T was 2,14. The concution was that parents (mothers) had good knowledge of SDN 060971, Medan , was bad or surpassed the target of ≤ 2.

scholarly journals Status of farm mechanization and its impact on maize production in Jhapa District, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-294
Author(s):  
Santosh Kandel ◽  
Rakshya Poudel ◽  
Min Thapa Saru ◽  
Tulsi Parajuli
Keyword(s):  
Group Discussion ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Command Area ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Rural Municipality ◽  
Farm Mechanization ◽  
The Status ◽  
Agriculture Modernization

A survey research was carried out in 2020 in maize zone, Jhapa to identify and analyze the status of farm mechanization and its impact in the maize production. Kankai Municipality and Jhapa Rural municipality were purposively selected for the study as these areas were under the command area of prime minister agriculture modernization project, project implementation unit, maize zone Jhapa. Thereafter, a total of 70 samples were selected using random sampling method. Thirty-three samples were selected from Kankai Municipality and remaining thirty-seven were selected from remaining Jhapa rural municipality. Primary data were collected using semi-structured questionnaire, focal group discussion and key informant interview whereas secondary data were obtained through a review of relevant literature. Both descriptive and analytical statistics were used to analyze the data. It was found that the status of mechanization was still in the initial phase in the study area. Results showed that mechanization was limited to two cultural operations namely tillage and threshing of which only in case of tillage, farm machineries were adopted by more than ninety percent of the respondent farmers while in case of sowing more than ninety percent of respondent didn’t use any modern equipment. Insect and pest in maize field was major problem faced by the farmers. Therefore, productivity of maize in Kankai area was higher as compared to Jhapa area as adoption of mechanization was higher in Kankai area.

IMPROVING STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN WRITING PROCEDURAL PARAGRAPH THROUGH DEMONSTRATION METHOD

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Komariah
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Writing Achievement ◽  
Writing Test ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Classroom Action Research ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
Writing Scores

This study concerns with improving grade VIII students’ achievement in writing procedural Paragraph through demonstration method. This research was conducted by using classroom action research. The subject of the study was grade VIII students of SMP N 2 Babalan which consisted of 35 students. The instruments for collecting data were primary data (writing test) and secondary data (interview sheet, observation sheet and questionnaire sheet). Based on writing scores, students’ score kept improving in every evaluation. In the test I the mean was 64,91, in the test II the mean was 74,57 . Based on interview, observation, and questionnaire sheet, it was found that teaching-learning process ran well. Students were active, creative to give their idea, enthusiastic, and interested in writing. The finding of the research showed that applying demonstration method significantly improved students’ writing achievement. Keyword: writing achievement, demonstration method, classroom action research.

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