Moisture estimation within a mine heap: An application of cokriging with assay data and electrical resistivity

Geophysics ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. B11-B23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale Rucker
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Correlation Scale ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Moisture Estimation

Cokriging has been applied to estimate the distribution of moisture within a rock pile of low-grade gold ore, or heap. Along with the primary data set of gravimetric moisture content obtained from drilling, electrical resistivity was used to supplement the estimation procedure by supplying a secondary data set. The effectiveness of the cokriging method was determined by comparing the results to kriging the moisture data alone and through least-squares regression (LSR) modeling of colocated resistivity and moisture. In general, the wells from which moisture data were derived were separated by distances far greater than the horizontal correlation scale. The kriging results showed that regions generally undersampled by drilling reverted to the mean of the moisture data. The LSR technique, which provides a simpletransformation of resistivity to moisture, converted the low resis-tivity to highmoisture, and vice versa. The sparse well locations created a high degree of uncertainty in the transformed data set. Extreme resistivity values produced nonphysical moisture values, either negative for the linear model or values greater than one for the power model. The cokriging application, which considers the correlation scale and secondary data, produced the best results, as indicated through the cross validation. The mean and variance of the cokriged moisture were closer to the measured moisture, and the bias in the residuals was the lowest. The application likely could be improved through optimal well placement, whereby the resistivity results guide the drilling program through gross target characterization, and the moisture estimation could be updated iteratively.

THE USE OF COMMUNITY LANGUAGE LEARNINGMETHOD TO IMPROVE STUDENTS’ SPEAKING ACHIEVEMENT

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eko Widoyo Putro ◽  
Berlin Sibarani
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Learning Method ◽  
Field Notes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Method Improvement ◽  
Community Language

This study is aimed at improving the second grade of students’ speakingachievement by using Community Language Learning (CLL) Method. Theresearch was conducted by applying classroom action research. The subject of this study was second grade of Private Senior High School (Sekolah Menengah Atas Swasta) of Dwi Tunggal Tanjung Morawa which consisted of 31 students. To collect the data, the instruments used were primary data (SpeakingTest) and secondary data (interview sheet, observation sheet, field notes). It can be seen from the score in test I, test II and test III. In the Test I, the mean of the students’score was (64.77), in the Test II was (71.35), and the mean of the students’ score of the Test III was (80.90). Based on the interview, and observation sheet, it shows that the expression and excitement of the students got improved as well. It was found that teaching of speaking by using Community Language Learningcould significantly improve students’ speaking achievement.Key Words: Community Language Learning, Method, Improvement, Speaking Achievement

Ability of Vis-PIR spectroscopy to monitor changes in organic carbon of loamy soils at two depths

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayfa Zayani ◽  
Youssef Fouad ◽  
Didier Michot ◽  
Zeineb Kassouk ◽  
Zohra Lili-Chabaane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Calibration Data ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Soil Carbon Stocks ◽  
The Mean

<p>Visible-Near Infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy has proven its efficiency in predicting several soil properties such as soil organic carbon (SOC) content. In this preliminary study, we explored the ability of Vis-NIR to assess the temporal evolution of SOC content. Soil samples were collected in a watershed (ORE AgrHys), located in Brittany (Western France). Two sampling campaigns were carried out 5 years apart: in 2013, 198 soil samples were collected respectively at two depths (0-15 and 15-25 cm) over an area of 1200 ha including different land use and land cover; in 2018, 111 sampling points out of 198 of 2013 were selected and soil samples were collected from the same two depths. Whole samples were analyzed for their SOC content and were scanned for their reflectance spectrum. Spectral information was acquired from samples sieved at 2 mm fraction and oven dried at 40°C, 24h prior to spectra acquisition, with a full range Vis-NIR spectroradiometer ASD Fieldspec®3. Data set of 2013 was used to calibrate the SOC content prediction model by the mean of Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR). Data set of 2018 was therefore used as test set. Our results showed that the variation ∆SOC<sub>obs</sub><sub></sub>obtained from observed values in 2013 and 2018 (∆SOC<sub>obs</sub> = Observed SOC (2018) - Observed SOC (2013)) is ranging from 0.1 to 25.9 g/kg. Moreover, our results showed that the prediction performance of the calibrated model was improved by including 11 spectra of 2018 in the 2013 calibration data set (R²= 0.87, RMSE = 5.1 g/kg and RPD = 1.92). Furthermore, the comparison of predicted and observed ∆SOC between 2018 and 2013 showed that 69% of the variations were of the same sign, either positive or negative. For the remaining 31%, the variations were of opposite signs but concerned mainly samples for which ∆SOCobs is less than 1,5 g/kg. These results reveal that Vis-NIR spectroscopy was potentially appropriate to detect variations of SOC content and are encouraging to further explore Vis-NIR spectroscopy to detect changes in soil carbon stocks.</p>

scholarly journals High Tissue Factor Microparticle Level in Major Thalassemic Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-95
Author(s):  
Dimmy Prasetya ◽  
Pandji Irani Fianza ◽  
Erwan Martanto ◽  
Teddy Arnold Sihite
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Tissue Factor ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial Pressure ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Mean Pulmonary Arterial Pressure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Clinical Characteristic

Objective: To analyze the correlation between tissue factor microparticles (TF-MP) levels and pulmonary hypertension (PH) in adult thalassemic patients. Methods: This study was conducted from September to October 2018, using secondary and primary data. The secondary data consisted of the PH parameter, which was retrieved from a 2017 previous study entitled ‘Clinical Characteristic and Complication due to Iron Overload in Thalassaemic Patients‘in 2017 while the primary data were the TF-MP, which were obtained from the analysis of frozen serum of the same population using ELISA method. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) values were obtained from echocardiography results and PH was defined as mPAP >25 mmHg. Results: Seven (16.7%) major thalassemic patients experienced PH. The median values of TF-MP levels were higher among major thalassemic patients with PH when compared to the non-PH patients (1569 vs 11.5 pg/dL; p=0.023). No significant difference was observed in the median TF-MP levels between subjects with splenectomy and subjects without splenectomy (11.6 vs 12.3 pg/dL; p=0.44). There was also no difference in mPAP values between subjects with splenectomy and subjects without splenectomy (18.0 vs 17.0 mmHg; p=0.663). When the median TF-MP levels among major thalassemic patients were analyzed in terms of correlation with transfusion level, no statistically significant difference was seen between subjects who received sufficient transfusions (≥180 mL/kgbb/year) and those who received insufficient transfusions (<180 mL/kgbb/year) (r= 0.138; p=0.390). Conclusions: There is a positive correlation between the TF-MP levels and PH in adult major thalassemic subjects.

scholarly journals Embedding to Reference t-SNE Space Addresses Batch Effects in Single-Cell Classification

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavlin G. Poličar ◽  
Martin Stražar ◽  
Blaž Zupan
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Batch Effects ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Reduction Techniques ◽  
Straightforward Application ◽  
Cell Gene Expression ◽  
Multiple Data Sets

AbstractDimensionality reduction techniques, such as t-SNE, can construct informative visualizations of high-dimensional data. When working with multiple data sets, a straightforward application of these methods often fails; instead of revealing underlying classes, the resulting visualizations expose data set-specific clusters. To circumvent these batch effects, we propose an embedding procedure that takes a t-SNE visualization constructed on a reference data set and uses it as a scaffold for embedding new data. The new, secondary data is embedded one data-point at the time. This prevents any interactions between instances in the secondary data and implicitly mitigates batch effects. We demonstrate the utility of this approach with an analysis of six recently published single-cell gene expression data sets containing up to tens of thousands of cells and thousands of genes. In these data sets, the batch effects are particularly strong as the data comes from different institutions and was obtained using different experimental protocols. The visualizations constructed by our proposed approach are cleared of batch effects, and the cells from secondary data sets correctly co-cluster with cells from the primary data sharing the same cell type.

scholarly journals Climate variability, disasters and their impacts assessment in Manahari, rural municipality of Makwanpur, Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 201-210
Author(s):  
Ram Asheshwar Mandal ◽  
Bindu Subedi ◽  
Dhruba Lochan Adhikari ◽  
Ajay Bhakta Mathema
Keyword(s):  
Slope Failure ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Flood Frequency ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Landslide Risk ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Precipitation Trend ◽  
Rural Municipality ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
The Mean

Nepal is climatically very sensitive country because of long drought, heavy floods, landslides and soil erosion caused by changing pattern of rainfall and temperature. However, there are very limited studies related to these issues, thus this research was objectively carried out to analyze temperature and precipitation trend of study area, examine the climate pattern and assess the impacts of climate change hazards on different sectors. Ward number 7 and 8 Manahari Rural Municipality of Makwanpur district was selected as the study site. Total 40 households survey, 15 Key informants interview and two focus group discussions were conducted involving the affected local to collect the primary data. Moreover, secondary data specifically monthly maximum and minimum temperature and rainfall for thirty one years between 1985–2015 were gathered from nearest meteorological station i.e. NFI Hetauda Station (Station No. 906) and Manahari Station (Station No. 920). The drought trend was calculated using the ratio of Precipitation<2Temperatures. The theoretical distribution i.e. Gumbel, Log-Pearson and Log Normal models were applied to predict the flood peaks and maximum rainfalls. The mean annual temperature was increasing at the rate of 0.0226°C per year. The highest mean annual temperature was 24.1°C in 2015. It was found that, the number of days exceeding the maximum average temperature in the period of 31 years. However, the trend of total annual precipitation in Hetauda was decreasing at the rate of 5.6607 mm per year. The highest rainfall was recorded about 3323.1 mm in year 2002 and it was the least only 1626.2 mm in 2012. The January, February, March, November and December were the driest months. Flood frequency using Log Pearson showed the highest flood in 1000 years return period. The mean rank was the highest of drought having value 5 while it was the lowest only 1.4 of flood. The slope failure at the edges of the rural roads also causes landslides which also fills the agriculture land. The locals responded that the drainage systems were poor and there were no protection structure and/or biological component to reduce landslide risk during construction periods. Major five disasters were recorded in Manahari during from March to June whereas, wildlife attack throughout the year and so on.

scholarly journals Mushroom data creation, curation, and simulation to support classification tasks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Wagner ◽  
Dominik Heider ◽  
Georges Hattab
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Binary Classification ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Classification Rule ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Text Book ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Classification Tasks

AbstractPredicting if a set of mushrooms is edible or not corresponds to the task of classifying them into two groups—edible or poisonous—on the basis of a classification rule. To support this binary task, we have collected the largest and most comprehensive attribute based data available. In this work, we detail the creation, curation and simulation of a data set for binary classification. Thanks to natural language processing, the primary data are based on a text book for mushroom identification and contain 173 species from 23 families. While the secondary data comprise simulated or hypothetical entries that are structurally comparable to the 1987 data, it serves as pilot data for classification tasks. We evaluated different machine learning algorithms, namely, naive Bayes, logistic regression, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and random forests (RF). We found that the RF provided the best results with a five-fold Cross-Validation accuracy and F2-score of 1.0 ($$\mu =1$$ μ = 1 , $$\sigma =0$$ σ = 0 ), respectively. The results of our pilot are conclusive and indicate that our data were not linearly separable. Unlike the 1987 data which showed good results using a linear decision boundary with the LDA. Our data set contains 23 families and is the largest available. We further provide a fully reproducible workflow and provide the data under the FAIR principles.

scholarly journals Survey of fish species from plateau streams of the Miranda River Basin in the Upper Paraguay River Region, Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiane Silva Ferreira ◽  
Gabriela Serra do Vale Duarte ◽  
Francisco Severo-Neto ◽  
Otávio Froehlich ◽  
Yzel Rondon Súarez
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Fish Fauna ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Paraguay River ◽  
River Region

Abstract The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive list of the fish fauna of headwater streams of the Miranda River in the Upper Paraguay River Basin. Our primary data set was constructed from sampling of fish using a rectangular sieve, trawl, and gill nets from 2004 to 2015. Our secondary data were derived from published reports conducted in the Miranda River Basin, in addition to taxonomic and distribution data from other studies conducted in the basin. All data were compiled, which in the end encompassed a period from 1999 to 2015. The datasets yielded a total of 143 species, 104 from the primary data (72.7%) and 39 from the secondary data (27.3%). Species were distributed among seven orders and 30 families were found in the Miranda River Basin. Characiformes and Siluriformes were the predominant orders, and the families Characidae and Loricariidae had the greatest number of species. Our results indicate a greater number of species compared to other studies of the Upper Paraguay Basin headwaters, likely due to the longer time frame covered by our primary and secondary datasets.

scholarly journals Residents’ satisfaction on the use of green infrastructure at Osogbo, Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Keyword(s):  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Satisfaction Index ◽  
Developing Cities ◽  
The Mean

Uncontrolled urbanization particularly in developing cities has exerted enormous pressure on green infrastructure which has led to their conscious and unconscious conversion to other land uses. This study investigates the residents’ satisfaction and awareness on the use of green infrastructure (GI) with a view to creating a functional environment. Primary data were obtained from field observations where 166 pretested questionnaires were administered in a stratified random sampling manner on the respondents while secondary data were obtained from conventional sources. Data analysis made use of computations of the Residents’ Satisfaction Index (RSI) and principal component analysis. Results revealed that RSI was highest at 2.60; lowest at 1.93 and average at 2.29 while the deviations from the mean of the highest and the lowest RSI were +0.31 and -0.04. The factor analysis generated four (4) underlying dimensions of the respondents’ view on GI, which made good conceptual sense and explained a total variable of 72.24% of the observed variance. The factors on GI were named as; awareness (27.8%), management (19.98%), provision (13.34%) and type (11.12%). The planning implication is that efforts should be made to increase residents’ satisfaction on variables with low RSI on GI to promote recreation, environmental awareness, beauty, flood reduction and the fight against climate change to uphold an environment that is in harmony with nature.

scholarly journals TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN ORANG TUA (IBU) TENTANG MAKANAN KARIOGENIK DENGAN KEJADIAN KARIES GIGI PADA SISWA-SISWI KELAS III DI SDN 060971 MEDAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-104
Author(s):  
Rosdiana Tiurlan Simare-mare
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
The Status ◽  
Milk Teeth ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Descriptive Survey

Carcinogenic food is a type of food which cause the incidence of caries. The type of food which can cause the incidence of caries is sweet food which contains a lot of sugar or sucrose. Most children like sweet and sticky food which is one of the causes of the incidence of caries. The research used descriptive survey method with 35 parents and 35 students as the samples. It was aimed to find out the level of knowledge of parents (mothers) in carcinogenic food with the incidence of caries in grade III student of SDN 060971, Medan, in 2016. It was conducted in june , 2016. Primary data were gathered by conducting direct examination and secondary data were obtained from questionnaires. The results of the research showed that 30 respondent (85,7%) had good knowledge of carcinogenic food and the incidenci caries, 3 respondent (8,6%) had moderate knowledge, and 2 respondent (5,7%) had bad knowledge . the result of the research concerning caries of milk teeth showed that the amount def-t was 91 and the mean def-t was 2,6. The result of the reseach concerning the status of caries of permanent teeth showed that amount of DMFT was 75 and the mean DMF-T was 2,14. The concution was that parents (mothers) had good knowledge of SDN 060971, Medan , was bad or surpassed the target of ≤ 2.

scholarly journals Fertilizer supply chain in Ethiopia: structure, performance and policy analysis

Afrika Focus ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-101
Author(s):  
Johanes U.I. Agbahey ◽  
Harald Grethe ◽  
Workneh Negatu
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
World Markets ◽  
Formal And Informal Institutions ◽  
Arsi Zone ◽  
Central Organization

In Ethiopia, less than 40% of farmers use fertilizer and those who do, apply rates significantly below those recommended. This low fertilizer use is primarily due to prices being two to three times higher than prices on the world markets. Reducing the price of fertilizer requires a sound understanding of the product´s supply chain. This study investigates whether fertilizer is delivered to farmers in an efficient way and at the lowest possible costs using an institutional economics framework. It was conducted in the Arsi zone and relied on secondary data as well as primary data collected through interviews. The findings point out the presence of several formal and informal institutions regulating the market. A market monopoly at each stage of the supply chain and a striking correspondence between the central organization of the chain and the rise in left-over stocks were observed. This pinpoints the imperfect structure of the chain and a misallocation of resources locked up in fertilizer stockholding. In order to improve the demand estimation procedure, this study suggests that incentives should be instituted to enhance the reliability of the information transferred along the process. Additionally, expert knowledge used in the process should be well documented, stock inventories should not be limited to central warehouses and stockholding needs to be reduced.

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