PROTALIUM ASSOCIATION WITH VARIOUS EPIPHYTE GROUPS IN THREE TYPES OF HOST TREE

AbstrakSalah satu kelompok epifit vaskular penting adalah paku-pakuan dengan fase awal pertumbuhannya disebut sebagai protalium. Tumbuhnya protalium di suatu lokasi menjadi penentu bahwa lokasi tersebut potensial ditumbuhi paku-pakuan dewasa. Asosiasi antara protalium dengan tumbuhan lainnya mungkin bermanfaat untuk menentukan potensi satu jenis inang sebagai tempat hidup dari banyak jenis tumbuhan epifit. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan studi asosiasi antara protalium dengan paku dewasa, lumut, liken dan epifit spermatofita pada tiga jenis pohon inang, yaitu Archontophoenix alexandrae, Bichofia javanica dan Dacrycarpus imbricatus. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu Purposive Sampling untuk menentukan tiga jenis pohon inang dengan besar masing-masing diameter pohon (DBH) adalah 30–100 cm. Pengambilan sampel protalium dan epifit vaskular lain diambil pada masing-masing zonasi menggunakan milimeter block. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat lima kombinasi, yaitu protalium dengan paku, lumut dengan epifit spermatofita, protalium dengan epifit spermatofita, protalium dengan lumut dan paku dengan lumut. Asosiasi positif dengan nilai tertinggi adalah 23,12, dua kombinasi yang memiliki asosiasi negatif ialah liken dengan lumut dan antara epifit spermatofita dengan liken, dan tiga kombinasi yang tidak berasosiasi ialah protalium dengan liken, paku dengan liken, dan paku dengan epifit spermatofita. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa protalium berbagi karakter habitatnya dengan tiga kelompok tersebut dan tidak dengan kelompok lainnya. Penelitian ini sangat berguna untuk mengetahui jenis pohon dan karakteristik lingkungan yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan protalium.Abstract One of important epiphyte vascular groups is ferns which the beginning phase of their growth is called protalium. Protalium’s growth in one location becomes indicator that the location has a potential to be grown by mature ferns. Association between protalium and other plants may become beneficial to determine the potential of a host species as the host of many epiphytes. Therefore, research about association between protalium and mature ferns, mosses, lichens, spermatophyte epiphyte also was conducted on three species of host tree there are Archontophoenix alexandrae, Bichofia javanica and Dacrycarpus imbricatus. Purposive sampling method was used in this research to determine three types of host trees with the size of 30–100 cm for each tree diametre. Sampling of protalium and other vascular epiphytes was taken in each zonasing using milimeter block. The research showed there are five combinations, protalium with ferns, mosses with spermatophyte epiphytes, protalium with spermatophyte epiphytes, protalium with mosses and fern with mosses. Positive association with the highest value is 23.12, two combinations with negative association are lichen with mosses and spermatophyte epiphyte with lichens, three combinations that aren’t associated, protalium with lichens, ferns with lichens and ferns with spermatophyte epiphyte. It showed that protalium shares its habitat character with those three groups, not with other group. This study has valuable benefits of knowing tree species and enviromental characteristic that are suitable for protalium growth.

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Diversity and Distribution of Vascular Epiphytic Flora in Sub-temperate Forests of Darjeeling Himalaya, India

Annual Research & Review in Biology ◽

10.9734/arrb/2020/v35i530226 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 63-81

Author(s):

Preshina Rai ◽

Saurav Moktan

Keyword(s):

Host Species ◽

Temperate Forests ◽

Host Tree ◽

Eastern Himalaya ◽

Vascular Epiphytes ◽

Tree Distribution ◽

Darjeeling Himalaya ◽

Host Trees ◽

Epiphytic Plant ◽

Study Sites

Aims: This communication deals with the diversity and distribution including host species distribution of vascular epiphytes also reflecting its phenological observations. Study Design: Random field survey was carried out in the study site to identify and record the taxa. Host species was identified and vascular epiphytes were noted. Study Site and Duration: The study was conducted in the sub-temperate forests of Darjeeling Himalaya which is a part of the eastern Himalaya hotspot. The zone extends between 1200 to 1850 m amsl representing the amalgamation of both sub-tropical and temperate vegetation. The study was conducted during the year 2018-2019. Methodology: Process of random sampling collection was followed. Host trees with CBH >30 cm were identified and percentage of distribution of epiphytes in the host tree was analyzed and divided into two zones depending on the abundance of epiphytes. Data for the epiphytic plant specimens were collected in the field. Exsiccates were made with the collected voucher specimens and were deposited at the Calcutta University Herbarium (CUH) following the conventional methodology. Study on the taxa are based on their host tree distribution, micro-habitat and phenological status. The location and altitude of the study sites were recorded by global positioning system. Results: A total number of 115 species under 70 genera and 31 families have been identified with 65% other vascular angiosperms (basal angiosperms and eudicots) and 16% monocots. Orchidaceae among the monocots represented 36% with 41 species and 18 genera. Ferns and lycophytes include 25% of the diversity with 29 taxa under 6 families. Most favorable host trees were Ficus auriculata Lour., Ficus neriifolia Sm., Saurauia nepalensis DC., Erythrina variegata L., Macaranga denticulata (Blume) Müll. Arg., Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) D. Don and Engelhardia spicata Lechen ex Blume. Conclusion: The other vascular angiosperms preferred wet monsoon for flowering whereas spring season was most favourable for Orchidaceae. Although a healthy number of vascular epiphytes have been identified, a number of threats are still prevailing in the regions which are mostly anthropogenic. Proper collaborative strategies have to be maintained for its conservation.

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Community structure of acorn weevils (Curculio): inferences from multispecies occupancy models

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/cjz-2014-0130 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 93 (1) ◽

pp. 31-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Byju N. Govindan ◽

Robert K. Swihart

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Tree Species ◽

Resource Competition ◽

Host Tree ◽

Parameter Estimates ◽

Storage Effect ◽

Primary Host ◽

Host Trees ◽

Host Tree Species ◽

Mast Production

We tested whether community structure of insect seed predators is influenced by spatiotemporal variation in mast availability on host-tree species. Specifically, mast production and acorn weevil (Curculio L., 1758) occupancy were estimated annually from 2006 to 2008 for individual host trees in a sample of 74 northern red oaks (Quercus rubra L.), 100 white oaks (Quercus alba L.), and 81 shagbark hickories (Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch) in west-central Indiana, USA. Occupancy and vital rates of nine Curculio species on their primary host-tree species were derived using multispecies, multiseason (MSMS) models within a Bayesian framework, accounting for imperfect detection. Mast production of host trees had a strong positive effect on community-level occupancy and survival of Curculio. Mast production varied considerably between years and generally was spatially autocorrelated only at distances <2 km, which likely reduced interspecific resource competition. Derived estimates of mean weevil species richness per tree and community similarity were highest in 2007 when mast production on all host-tree species was in phase. Generalist species compensated for lower survival rate on secondary hosts with higher colonization rates on these hosts during a year of mast failure in the primary host. We hypothesize that differential suitability of hosts as resources for Curculio created a spatial storage effect that, when coupled with a temporal storage effect induced by prolonged diapause common among Curculio, facilitated species coexistence. Methodologically, increased precision of parameter estimates from MSMS models makes it generally more useful than single-species models in studies of community dynamics.

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Networks of epiphytic orchids and host trees in Brazilian gallery forests

Journal of Tropical Ecology ◽

10.1017/s0266467409990551 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 127-137 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Igor A. Silva ◽

Alessandro W. C. Ferreira ◽

Maria I. S. Lima ◽

João J. Soares

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Species Interactions ◽

Host Tree ◽

Binary Interaction ◽

Phylogenetic Structure ◽

Epiphytic Orchids ◽

Host Trees ◽

Regional Species Pool ◽

Gallery Forests ◽

Host Tree Species

Abstract:Species interactions have been recently depicted as networks, in which each species is connected to one or more other species in binary interaction matrices. Forty networks of epiphytic orchid and host tree species were assessed in Brazilian gallery forests. The nestedness of the networks was estimated with the NODF index and the significance was tested with null models. The phylogenetic structure of the network was also assessed, by searching for phylogenetic signals in the number of interactions and in the similarity of interacting species. In total, 105 orchid species and 132 host tree species were sampled. A nested pattern in all orchid–host tree networks was found. However, phylogenetic signals were not observed. The results support that the host specificity of orchids is small and most of the interactions occur among generalist orchids and generalist host trees. While the concept of species-specificity can thus be rejected, the extreme alternative – that interacting orchids and host trees are not a random subset of the regional species pool – can be dismissed as well. However, factors other than phylogenetic history may structure interaction networks of epiphytic orchids and host trees.

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Potential hosts of Prostephanus truncatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) among native and agroforestry trees in Kenya

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1079/ber2002202 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 92 (6) ◽

pp. 499-506 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

F.L.O. Nang'ayo ◽

M.G. Hill ◽

D.J. Wright

Keyword(s):

Breeding Success ◽

Host Species ◽

Tree Species ◽

Host Tree ◽

Population Increase ◽

Adult Survival ◽

Prostephanus Truncatus ◽

Stored Products ◽

Host Tree Species ◽

Trees And Shrubs

AbstractThis study was carried out to establish the extent to which an invasive stored products pest, Prostephanus truncatus Horn exploits wood as a feeding and breeding resource in Kenya. Twenty seven out of 84 native and agroforestry trees and shrubs supported the breeding of P. truncatus under laboratory conditions. Adult survival (<1% to 18%) for 8 weeks was recorded on 51 tree species that did not support breeding. The breeding success of this beetle varied widely between host tree species and showed no obvious trends based on tree systematics or wood hardness. Studies of P. truncatus survival on two host tree species found that the greatest increase in the P. truncatus population occurred on stem sapwood, whilst the smallest population increase was on twigs. Breeding also varied greatly from season to season; studies on ten selected host species showed that reproduction was often greatest in wood samples collected and tested during the dry season in September. The implications of these findings for the management of P. truncatus infestations in farm stored maize are discussed.

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Persistent Effects of Historical Selective Logging on a Vascular Epiphyte Assemblage in the Forest Canopy of the Western Ghats, India

Frontiers in Forests and Global Change ◽

10.3389/ffgc.2021.727422 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

Author(s):

K. S. Seshadri ◽

R. Ganesan ◽

Soubadra M. Devy

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Western Ghats ◽

Forest Canopy ◽

Selective Logging ◽

Host Tree ◽

Vascular Epiphytes ◽

Host Tree Species ◽

Logged Forest ◽

The Western Ghats ◽

Vascular Epiphyte

Forest canopies have been dubbed the last biological frontier and continue to remain underexplored. Vascular epiphytes form a rich assemblage of plants within the forest canopy and apart from sustaining diverse taxa, they also fulfill critical ecological functions. Vascular epiphytes are particularly sensitive to perturbations of microclimate and microhabitat within the canopy, especially from anthropogenic changes such as logging. The forests of the megadiverse Western Ghats in India harbor a rich assemblage of vascular epiphytes, but their ecology has not been examined systematically. We compared the diversity, abundance, and composition of a vascular epiphyte assemblage between an unlogged and a historically selectively logged forest in the southern Western Ghats, India, and identified factors affecting the epiphyte assemblage. Canopies of 100 trees each in selectively logged and unlogged forests were accessed using the single-rope technique. We found 20 species of vascular epiphytes with the assemblage dominated by members of Orchidaceae. The diversity and abundance of epiphytes were significantly greater in the selectively logged forest. One host tree, Cullenia exarillata, supported the greatest number of epiphytes in both forest stands. The niche widths of epiphyte species, computed with host tree species as a resource, were similar between the two stands but a greater number of species pairs overlapped in the selectively logged forest. Overall, epiphyte abundance was negatively associated with unlogged forests. Host tree species, tree height, and presence of moss on branches were positively associated with the abundance of epiphytes. Despite being ecologically important, no study has thus far examined the impact of selective logging on the epiphyte assemblage in the Western Ghats. Our findings contribute to the knowledge of vascular epiphytes from South and Southeast Asia and set the stage for future research and conservation.

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Diversity and host tree preferences of vascular epiphytes and vines in a temperate rainforest in southern Chile

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt02070 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 51 (4) ◽

pp. 381 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Alejandro A. Muñoz ◽

Paulina Chacón ◽

Fernanda Pérez ◽

Elizabeth S. Barnert ◽

Juan J. Armesto

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Tree Species ◽

Floristic Composition ◽

Abundant Species ◽

Tree Size ◽

Host Tree ◽

Southern Chile ◽

Frequency Distributions ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Vascular Epiphytes

Vines and epiphytes contribute importantly to the biodiversity of temperate rainforests of southern South America. However, compared with their tropical counterparts, these functional groups have received less attention. We evaluated diversity, floristic composition and relative abundance of vascular epiphytes and vines within a humid temperate forest in northern Chiloé Island, southern Chile. We assessed whether epiphyte and vine species exhibit preferences among host tree species and tested whether species richness on tree hosts differs from that expected by chance, by comparing observed frequencies of occurrence (FO) and species richness with randomly simulated frequency distributions generated under the assumption of no epiphyte preferences. Finally, we tested for associations of epiphyte and vine species with host tree size (trunk diameter at breast height). Eleven species of ferns and nine angiosperms (seven vines, one epiphytic angiosperm and one shrub) were recorded growing epiphytically in a sample of 499 trees. The most abundant species were three vines, Luzuriaga polyphylla (Hook.) Macbr., Griselinia racemosa (Phil.) Taub. and Mitraria coccinea Cav., and five species of filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae). Most epiphytes and vines (65%) showed preference for one or two tree species, with seven species being overrepresented on Podocarpus nubigena Lindl. hosts and 10 underrepresented on Drimys winteri J.R. et G.Forster. Epiphyte and vine species richness was significantly lower than expected by chance on D. winteri and higher than expected on Nothofagus nitida (Phil.) Krasser. Three epiphytic ferns showed preferences for large-sized trees, while frequency of occurrence of three common vines was independent of host tree size.

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INVENTARISASI, DISTRIBUSI, DAN POLA PENYEBARAN Rhododendron EPIFIT DI KEBUN RAYA EKA KARYA BALI

Buletin Kebun Raya ◽

10.14203/bkr.v23i1.6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 59-68

Author(s):

Tri Warseno ◽

Rajif Iryadi ◽

Dyan Meiningsasi Siswoyo Putri

Keyword(s):

Light Intensity ◽

Host Species ◽

Random Sampling ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Substrate Thickness ◽

Botanic Gardens ◽

Host Trees ◽

Bischofia Javanica

Epiphytic Rhododendrons is an important component in an ecosystem, but there is not much information and studies related to its ecology. This research aims to inventory and study the distribution and distribution patterns of Rhododendron populations that grow naturally in Eka Karya Botanic Gardens Bali (KREK). Random sampling method was employed to census the host trees especially old ones (more than 20 years) that overgrown with Rhododendrons. The results showed that there is one species of epiphytic Rhododendron identified in the KREK, namely Rhododendron javanicum. It is found typically in thin substrate thickness with moderate light intensity, mostly in zone III and IV. There were five host species, namely Bischofia javanica Blume, Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub., Glochidion rubrum Blume, Prunus sp., and Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. with a total number of 31 trees. The results of this study would provide considerations for KREK managers to conserve, develop and utilize policies of epiphytic Rhododendron species.

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Vascular epiphyte assemblage structure and distribution patterns in the south-temperate zone

10.26686/wgtn.17014061 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Amanda Taylor

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Plant Communities ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Assemblage Structure ◽

Host Tree ◽

Terrestrial Plants ◽

Vascular Epiphytes ◽

Host Trees ◽

Plant Assemblage ◽

Epiphytic Plant

<p>Vascular epiphytes, which are specialised to spend their entire life cycle within trees, are significant contributors to local ecosystem services. However, our current understanding of epiphyte distributions, co-occurrences, and general ecology lags far behind that of terrestrial plants. Furthermore, the majority of epiphyte research is undertaken in tropical forests, with comparatively few studies extending into temperate climates. As such, whether epiphytic plant assemblage structure varies geographically, or is influenced by area and isolation effects needs further scrutiny. In addition, how epiphytes are distributed in relation to host tree ontogeny and microclimates specific to south-temperate forests is poorly understood. Here, I attempt to bridge this gap by researching epiphyte distributions and assemblage structure in New Zealand, southern Chile, and Australia. In the first biogeographic study of epiphyte-host interactions, I determined if epiphyte-host network structure (i.e. nestedness, species co-occurrences, species specialisation) varied among New Zealand and Chilean temperate forests (Chapter 2). At the forest stand level, network structure was consistent with stochastic structuring, which suggests that dispersal and disturbances are important drivers of epiphyte distributions at a biogeographic scale. However, deterministic structure was observed in New Zealand networks with regards to nestedness (i.e. when specialists interact with generalists), which suggests that positive species interactions influence epiphyte distributions at a within-tree scale. Second, I determined whether the composition of plant communities residing in epiphytic birds’ nest ferns (Asplenium goudeyi) on Lord Howe Island, Australia, are influenced by fern size, isolation from a major propagule source and resident plant community richness (Chapter 3). Results suggest that plant communities are structured by dispersal. For one, there was a significant isolation effect on resident plant community richness. Additionally, wind-dispersed taxa were well represented in isolated ferns, while animal-dispersed taxa and taxa with no specific dispersal strategies were absent. This is the first study to test the combined effects of area, isolation and resident plant richness on epiphytic plant assemblage structure. Third, using Darwin’s geological theory of island ontogeny as a theoretical construct, I explored changes in epiphyte species richness throughout tree ontogeny (Chapter 4). Theoretical frameworks have helped bridge the gap between our understanding of vascular epiphytes and terrestrial plants, however, none have been implemented to guide investigations on epiphyte assemblage development. Based on the general features of island ontogeny, I found three stages of epiphyte assemblage development: (i) an initial stage where host trees are devoid of epiphytes, (ii) a second stage where trees acquire epiphytes into maturity, and (iii) a hypothetical stage where epiphyte assemblages follow a period of species decline following host tree mortality. In addition to these results, I found interspecific variation in the ontogenetic stage at which host trees become favourable for epiphyte establishment and the rate at which epiphyte assemblages develop. Lastly, I explored the systematic distribution of epiphytes and mistletoes in relation to microclimate gradients around the trunks of trees (Chapter 5). In addition, I tested the physiological responses of epiphytes and mistletoes to reductions in their most limiting resources to determine if the responses were consistent with their distribution patterns. The radial distributions of epiphytes and mistletoes were highly directional, and paralleled gradients of humidity, light and water. Additionally, the photochemical efficiency of epiphytes and CO₂ assimilation in mistletoe leaves decreased in plants growing in environments with lower water and light availability, respectively. However, mistletoe leaves still assimilated CO₂ in lower light conditions, which suggests a high plasticity of mistletoes to growing in a canopy environment. Despite over 120 years of recognising the importance of vertical microclimates on epiphyte distributions, this is the first systematic study of epiphytic plant distributions in relation to microclimate gradients around the trunks of trees. This thesis has increased our understanding of epiphytic plant assemblage structure, and how it is influenced by host tree species, isolation, area and resident plant species richness. In addition, this thesis has increased our understanding of the effect of host tree ontogeny and microclimate on epiphyte distribution patterns. Together, these studies may be built upon more broadly to further elucidate drivers of epiphyte assembly and distribution patterns.</p>

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Cellulase in Anoplophora glabripennis adults fed on original host tree species and non-original host trees

Forestry Studies in China ◽

10.1007/s11632-010-0005-6 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 26-30

Author(s):

Xiao-juan Li ◽

Xiong-fei Yan ◽

You-qing Luo ◽

Gui-fang Tian ◽

Yin-jie Nian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Host Tree ◽

Anoplophora Glabripennis ◽

Host Trees ◽

Original Host ◽

Host Tree Species

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Traditional home garden agroforestry systems: habitat for conservation of Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus (Passeriformes: Ploceidae) in Assam, India

Journal of Threatened Taxa ◽

10.11609/jott.3090.9.4.10076-10083 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 10076 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yashmita- Ulman ◽

Awadhesh Kumar ◽

Madhubala Sharma

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Spatial Arrangement ◽

Agroforestry Systems ◽

The Other ◽

Host Tree ◽

Home Garden ◽

Encounter Rates ◽

Host Trees ◽

Ploceus Philippinus ◽

Host Tree Species

The present study was conducted in 18 homegarden agroforestry systems of Assam to assess the role in the conservation of Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus. Observations were made on the type of host trees, location of host trees, their spatial arrangement pattern, height and diameter of host trees chosen for nesting and the number of complete and helmet stage nests. Trail walks were employed for assessing the encounter rates of predators. A total of 2357 individuals of potential host trees for nesting of P. philippinus were found belonging to Areca catechu (2272), Cocos nucifera (56), Phoenix sylvasticus (13) and Borassus flabellifer (16). According to the spatial arrangement pattern of host trees, among 2272 individuals of A. catechu, 96.5% (n=2192) and 3.5% (n=80) of individuals were arranged in block and row pattern respectively. The other three host trees were arranged in single pattern. Among these 80 individuals of A. catechu planted in row pattern, 47.5% (n=38) had nests (complete and helmet stage) on them. In total, 293 nests (both complete and helmet stage) were observed in A. catechu, out of which, 46.1% (n=135) were complete nests. The other three host trees had nests in various stages of development but none of them were completed by P. philippinus. The encounter rates of predators (arboreal mammals) was significantly higher in block patterns (2.56 ± 0.51) as compared to row patterns (0.53 ± 0.17) of host tree spatial arrangement whereas, the encounter rates of reptiles showed no statistical difference among the two patterns of host tree arrangement. Thus, A. catechu planted in row pattern was the most preferred host tree species for nesting by P. philippinus as compared to the other three host tree species. The height and DBH of A. catechu trees having nests varied from seven to 11 m (7.8 ± 1.11) and 10.5–16.5 cm (12.6 ± 1.4) respectively. The homegarden agroforestry systems provided suitable habitat for survival of P. philippinus as this system has ample water sources, feeding grounds, nesting material and host tree sources and conservation attitudes of the homegarden owners, thus, suggesting that homegarden agroforestry system can be a potential site for conservation of P. philippinus in human-modified land use.

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