scholarly journals Pathophysiology of Severe Malaria Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-22
Author(s):  
Franklyn O. Ohiagu ◽  
Paul C. Chikezie ◽  
Clinton C. Ahaneku ◽  
Chinwendu M. Chikezie ◽  
Favour C. Law-Obi
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Biruk Bayleyegn ◽  
Fikir Asrie ◽  
Aregawi Yalew ◽  
Berhanu Woldu

Purpose. Platelet parameter alteration such as platelet count and platelet indices are more common than in other blood cell lines due to diverse causative pathophysiological mechanisms in severe malaria infection. In malaria patients, no more studies evaluated platelet indices in relation to disease severity and prognosis. Therefore, this review assessed the current scientific knowledge on the potential role of platelet indices for the diagnostic marker of severe malaria infection. Results. Hence, after reviewing recent literatures, elevation of mean platelet volume and platelet distribution width in addition to decreased plateletcrit and platelet counts is the known potential risk factor associated with warning signs of severe malaria. Thus, thrombocytopenia < 150 × 10 9 / L , MPV ≥ 9.05   fL , and PDW ≥ 14.550 % as well as significantly higher P-LCR and decrease in PCT are shown significant sensitivity and specificity as they are used as diagnostic and prognostic values in severe malaria infection. Conclusion. Platelet indices are useful predictors of malaria severity. Immature platelet fraction (IPF%) is raised in the case of severe malaria, and it was significantly more useful than MPV. Advanced research will further investigate the platelet index abnormality associated with specific age and gender among specific malaria species.


2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 1281-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana C. Pena ◽  
Nuno Penacho ◽  
Liliana Mancio-Silva ◽  
Rita Neres ◽  
João D. Seixas ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTSevere forms of malaria infection, such as cerebral malaria (CM) and acute lung injury (ALI), are mainly caused by the apicomplexan parasitePlasmodium falciparum. Primary therapy with quinine or artemisinin derivatives is generally effective in controllingP. falciparumparasitemia, but mortality from CM and other forms of severe malaria remains unacceptably high. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a novel carbon monoxide-releasing molecule (CO-RM; ALF492) that fully protects mice against experimental CM (ECM) and ALI. ALF492 enables controlled CO deliveryin vivowithout affecting oxygen transport by hemoglobin, the major limitation in CO inhalation therapy. The protective effect is CO dependent and induces the expression of heme oxygenase-1, which contributes to the observed protection. Importantly, when used in combination with the antimalarial drug artesunate, ALF492 is an effective adjunctive and adjuvant treatment for ECM, conferring protection after the onset of severe disease. This study paves the way for the potential use of CO-RMs, such as ALF492, as adjunctive/adjuvant treatment in severe forms of malaria infection.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
A. O. Oluboyo ◽  
S. I. Chukwu ◽  
B. O. Oluboyo ◽  
O. O. Odewusi

Background. Malaria could affect people of all ages, most especially young children. The study evaluated the levels of serum angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) which are critical regulators of endothelial activation and integrity with some hematological parameters (total white blood cell counts (WBC), total red blood cell counts (RBC), platelet counts, and malaria parasite density) in malaria-infected children. Method. A total of 92 blood samples from children between the ages of 6 months to 15 years were analyzed. The samples consisted of 30 cases of severe malaria, 40 cases of uncomplicated malaria, and 22 apparently healthy subjects served as control. Serum Ang-1 and -2 levels were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. The hematological parameters were determined using the WHO standard. Results. There was significant decrease (p<0.05) in serum Ang-1 of uncomplicated malaria and severe malaria compared with the control, while significant increase (p<0.05) was observed in Ang-2 and Ang-2/Ang-1 ratio in uncomplicated malaria and severe malaria compared with the control. RBC and platelet showed significant decrease, while WBC showed significant increase in severe malaria compared with uncomplicated malaria and control. Conclusion. This study showed that subjects with malaria infection had a significant increase of Ang-2 and Ang-2 : Ang-1 ratio but presented with a significant decrease of Ang-1. Ang-1 and Ang-2 may be used to determine the severity of malaria infection since their levels differ significantly in malaria subjects compared with the control.


2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Novi H. Rampengan

Abstract: Malaria is still a health problem in Indonesia because it is endemic in considerable parts of Indonesia. According to Riskesdas 2010, the most frequent causes of malaria were P. falciparum (86.4%) and P. vivax (6.9%), with mortality in all age groups increased more than 2 times in 2006-2009 compared to years before. One of the reasons is the increase of malaria parasite resistence to malaria treatment. Therefore, WHO and Ministry of Health in Indonesia recommend that malaria treatment must be by evidence of malaria infection with laboratory tests and malaria medicine must be in combination form to prevent the occurence of resistence. The first line treatment for uncomplicated malaria cases is DHP and AAQ meanwhile the second line is quinine and doxycycline. Moreover, the first line treatment for severe malaria cases is artesunate IV or artemeter IM and the second line is kinine IV.Keywords: plasmodium, malaria, uncomplicated malaria, severe malaria, combination therapyAbstrak: Malaria masih merupakan masalah di Indonesia karena terdapat endemis di sebagian besar wilayah Indonesia. Menurut Riskesdas tahun 2010 penyebab malaria yang tertinggi ialah P. falciparum (86,4%) dan P. vivax (6,9%) dengan angka kematian untuk semua kelompok umur meningkat >2 kali lipat pada tahun 2006-2009 dibandingkan tahun sebelumnya. Salah satu penyebabnya yaitu meningkatnya resistensi parasit malaria terhadap obat-obat malaria sehingga WHO dan Kemkes merekomendasikan bukti laboratorium terinfeksi malaria dan pemberian obat anti malaria diberikan kombinasi untuk mencegah resistensi. Lini I obat untuk terapi malaria tanpa komplikasi yaitu DHP, AAQ dan lini II kinin + doksisiklin, sedangkan lini I obat untuk terapi malaria berat yaitu artesunat IV atau artemeter IM dan lini II kinin IV.Kata kunci: plasmodium, malaria, malaria tanpa komplikasi, malaria berat, terapi kombinasi


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guyguy Kabundi Tshima ◽  
Paul Madishala Mulumba

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate BMI changes in HIV adults’ subjects in the first year of ART in malaria endemic areas.MethodsWe used linear regression analysis showing that the change in weight at 12 months (y) in a malaria-endemic area is related to malaria infection at admission and its different episodes as illustrated by equation: y = a + bxi + ε, where x is malaria on admission, i refers to episodes of clinical malaria infection during the year, b is the slope, a is a constant and ε are confounding factors such as tuberculosis or poor eating habits.ResultsWe found a positive value for b (b = 0.697), and this shows that weight loss at 12 months is correlated with the diagnosis of severe malaria at admission. In other words, severe malaria eliminates the weight gained under ART.ConclusionsMalaria is the leading cause of weight loss under ART.Important recommendation for future:This study suggests nutritional education based on local foods containing antioxidants to fight the oxidative stress generated by HIV and stimulated by Plasmodium falciparum during febrile episodes. Oxidative stress is blocked by NADPHase which is a metalloenzyme based on selenium.Thus, to prevent a weight loss or the occurrence of the protein-energy malnutrition among people living with HIV, it is necessary to use the nutritional education.RésuméObjectifNous voulions évaluer les modifications de l’IMC chez les patients VIH adultes au cours de la première année du traitement antirétroviral dans une zone d’endémie palustreMatériel et MéthodesNous avons utilisé une analyse de régression linéaire montrant que la variation de poids à 12 mois (y) dans une zone d’endémie palustre est liée à l’infection palustre à l’admission et à ses différents épisodes, comme l’illustre l’équation suivante: y = a + bxi + ε, où x est le paludisme à l’admission, i les épisodes de paludisme clinique survenus au cours de l’année, b est la pente, a est une constante et ε sont des facteurs de confusion tels que la tuberculose ou de mauvaises habitudes alimentaires..RésultatsNous avons trouvé une valeur positive pour b (b = 0,697), ce qui montre que la perte de poids à 12 mois est en corrélation avec le diagnostic de paludisme grave à l’admission. En d’autres termes, le paludisme grave élimine le poids gagné sous traitement antirétroviral.ConclusionsLe paludisme est la principale cause de perte de poids sous ARV.Recommandation importante pour l’avenir : Cette étude suggère une éducation nutritionnelle basée sur des aliments locaux contenant des anti-oxydants pour lutter contre le stress oxydatif généré par le VIH et stimulé par le Plasmodium falciparum lors des poussées fébriles. Le stress oxydatif est bloqué par la NADPHase qui est une métalloenzyme à base de sélénium. Ainsi, il est nécessaire d’utiliser l’éducation nutritionnelle pour prévenir la perte du poids sous ARV.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amre Nasr ◽  
Ahmad Aljada ◽  
Osama Hamid ◽  
Hatim A. Elsheikh ◽  
Emad Masuadi ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: The FcyRs genotypes have been reported to play a key role in the defence against malaria parasites through both cellular and humoral immunity. This study aimed to investigate the possible correlation between FcγR (IIa, IIIa, and IIIb) genes polymorphism and the clinical outcome for anti‐malarial antibody response of Plasmodium falciparum infection among Saudi children. Material and methods: A 600 volunteers have been enrolled in this study, including 200 malaria-free control (MFC) subjects, 218 patients with uncomplicated malaria (UM) and 182 patients with severe malaria (SM). The FcγR genotypes was analysed using PCR amplification methods, and measurement of immunoglobulins were determine using ELISA. Results: The data revealed the FcγRIIa-R/R131 showed a statistically association with the increased susceptibility to SM when compared to UM patients. Furthermore, higher levels of IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 were associated with the FcγRIIa-H/H131 genotypes among UM patients. Although the FcγRIIa-F/V176 genotype was not associated with UM, it showed a significant association with severe malaria. Interestingly, the FcγRIIa-V/V176 genotype was This study aimed to associated with protection against SM. Moreover, severe malaria patients carrying the FcγRIIa-F/F genotype showed higher levels of AMA-1-specific IgG2 and IgG4 antibodies. The FcγRIIIb NA1/NA1 and FcγRIIIb NA2/NA2 genotypes did not show significant differences between UM and the MFC. However, the genotype FcγRIIIb-NA2/NA2 was statistically associated with severe malaria. Conclusions: The data presented in this study strongly suggest the possible impact of FcyR (IIa, RIIIa and RIIIb) gene variants and anti-malaria IgG subclasses play a role in susceptibility to malaria infection and disease outcomes in Saudi children.


2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getachew Geleta ◽  
Tsige Ketema

Despite rigorous effort made to control malaria for more than a century, it is still among the main public health problems in least developed regions of the world. Majority of deaths associated with malaria occur in sub-Sahara Africa among biologically risked groups. Thus, this study was designed to assess the incidence of severe malaria syndromes among children in Pawe Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Children seeking medication for malaria infection in Pawe Hospital during the study period were recruited. Sociodemographic characteristics, physical, hematological, and clinical features of complicated malaria were assessed following standard parasitological and clinical procedures. A total of 263 children were found malaria positive. Among these, 200 were infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Most of the severe malaria symptoms were observed among children infected with P. falciparum and P. vivax. The study showed that significant number of the children developed severe life threatening malaria complications. This calls for prompt early diagnosis and effective treatment of patients to reduce mortality and complications associated with malaria in the study site.


2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amre Nasr ◽  
Ahmad Aljada ◽  
Osama Hamid ◽  
Hatim A. Elsheikh ◽  
Emad Masuadi ◽  
...  

Abstract Background The FcγRs genotypes have been reported to play a key role in the defence against malaria parasites through both cellular and humoral immunity. This study aimed to investigate the possible correlation between FcγR (IIa, IIIa, and IIIb) genes polymorphism and the clinical outcome for anti‐malarial antibody response of Plasmodium falciparum infection among Saudi children. Methods A total of 600 volunteers were enrolled in this study, including 200 malaria-free control (MFC) subjects, 218 patients with uncomplicated malaria (UM) and 182 patients with severe malaria (SM). The FcγR genotypes were analysed using PCR amplification methods, and measurements of immunoglobulin were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Results The data revealed that the FcγRIIa-R/R131 showed a statistically significant association with SM patients when compared to UM patients. Furthermore, higher levels of IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 were associated with the FcγRIIa-H/H131 genotype among UM patients. Although the FcγRIIa-F/V176 genotype was not associated with UM, it showed a significant association with severe malaria. Interestingly, the FcγRIIIa-V/V176 genotype offered protection against SM. Moreover, SM patients carrying the FcγRIIIa-F/F genotype showed higher levels of AMA-1-specific IgG2 and IgG4 antibodies. The FcγRIIIb-NA1/NA1 and FcγRIIIb-NA2/NA2 genotypes did not show significant differences between the UM and the MFC groups. However, the genotype FcγRIIIb-NA2/NA2 was statistically significantly associated with SM patients. Conclusions The data presented in this study suggest that the influence of the FcγRIIa-R/R131, FcγRIIIa-F/F176 and FcγRIIIb-NA2/NA2 genotypes are statistically significantly associated with SM patients. However, the FcγRIIa-H/H13 and FcγRIIIa-V/V176 genotypes have demonstrated a protective effect against SM when compared to UM patients. The impact of the FcyR (IIa, IIIa and IIIb) gene variants and anti-malaria IgG subclasses play an important role in susceptibility to malaria infection and disease outcome in Saudi children.


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