Folic Acid Content of Milk and Milk Substitutes

The "folic acid" content of cow's milk, as listed in the report of the Committee on Nutrition (Pediatrics, 31:329, 1963) is probably too low, as pointed out by Drs. Naiman and Oski. We would agree that these figures should be withdrawn until a more accurate assessment can be made. We are, however, less certain than they appear to be, that the L. casei assay, ascorbate-protected, will provide the information desired, i.e., the true total folate content of foodstuff biologically available to the human. For an understanding of the present situation, it is necessary to review briefly certain pertinent developments in this field.

Download Full-text

Folic Acid Content of Cow's Milk

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.32.3.462a ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 462-463

Author(s):

J. LAWRENCE NAIMAN ◽

FRANK A. OSKI

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Folic Acid ◽

Acid Content ◽

Incubation Medium ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Oxidative Destruction ◽

Nutritional Adequacy ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Milk Substitutes

In the report of the Committee on Nutrition concerning the nutritional adequacy of cow's milk substitutes (Pediatrics, 31:329, 1963) we noted that the folic acid content of cow's milk was stated to be 2.2 µg per quart. This figure was obtained by microbiologic assay with Streptococcus fecalis1; no added ascorbic acid was used in the incubation medium to protect labile folates from oxidative destruction.

Download Full-text

Cow’s milk substitutes

Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin ◽

10.1136/dtb.21.24.94-a ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 21 (24) ◽

pp. 94.2-96

Keyword(s):

Preschool Children ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Older Children ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Young Infants ◽

Milk Substitutes

Cow’s milk is an important part of the diet in infants and preschool children. Breast milk is the most appropriate food for young infants, but when it is not available, or on the rare occasions when it is inappropriate, a feed based on cow’s milk is usually used. Sometimes, however, an infant needs a nutritionally complete formula feed based on something other than cow’s milk. Older children may likewise need a substitute for cow’s milk. This article discusses when such substitutes are needed and the merits of the different preparations.

Download Full-text

Cow’s Milk Substitutes for Children: Nutritional Aspects of Milk from Different Mammalian Species, Special Formula and Plant-Based Beverages

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11081739 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1739 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Elvira Verduci ◽

Sofia D’Elios ◽

Lucia Cerrato ◽

Pasquale Comberiati ◽

Mauro Calvani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Habits ◽

Mammalian Species ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Milk Formula ◽

Medical Providers ◽

Human Diet ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Milk Substitutes ◽

Nutritional Needs

Cow’s milk and dairy are commonly consumed foods in the human diet and contribute to maintaining a healthy nutritional state, providing unique sources of energy, calcium, protein, and vitamins, especially during early childhood. Milk formula is usually made from cow’s milk and represents the first food introduced into an infant’s diet when breastfeeding is either not possible or insufficient to cover nutritional needs. Very recently, increased awareness of cow’s milk protein allergy and intolerance, and higher preference to vegan dietary habits have influenced parents towards frequently choosing cows’ milk substitutes for children, comprising other mammalian milk types and plant-based milk beverages. However, many of these milk alternatives do not necessarily address the nutritional requirements of infants and children. There is a strong need to promote awareness about qualitative and quantitative nutritional compositions of different milk formulas, in order to guide parents and medical providers selecting the best option for children. In this article, we sought to review the different compositions in terms of macronutrients and micronutrients of milk from different mammalian species, including special milk formulas indicated for cow’s milk allergy, and of plant-based milk alternatives.

Download Full-text

525 Allergenicity of infant formulae and cow's milk substitutes

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology ◽

10.1016/0091-6749(91)91808-7 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 87 (1) ◽

pp. 271 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

B ADLER ◽

T ASAADULLAHI ◽

F RUDGE ◽

J WARNER

Keyword(s):

Cow’S Milk ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Infant Formulae ◽

Milk Substitutes

Download Full-text

The Effects of Breed Characteristics and Stages of Lactation on the Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Content of Cow's Milk

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/11.5.425 ◽

1936 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 425-432 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Russel Rasmussen ◽

N. B. Guerrant ◽

A. O. Shaw ◽

R. C. Welch ◽

S. I. Bechdel

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Acid Content ◽

Ascorbic Acid Content ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Cow's Milk

Download Full-text

Studies of Folic Acid Compounds in Nature. IV. Folic Acid Compounds in Soybeans and Cow Milk

Canadian Journal of Biochemistry ◽

10.1139/o75-047 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 338-343 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Y. S. Shin ◽

E. S. Kim ◽

J. E. Watson ◽

E. L. R. Stokstad

Keyword(s):

Folic Acid ◽

Microbiological Assay ◽

Cow Milk ◽

Major Portion ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Cow's Milk

Folate compounds in soybean and cow's milk were identified by Sephadex chromatography and differential microbiological assay. Soybean contained mainly monoglutamates (ca. 52%), some diglutamates (ca. 16%), and polyglutamates (pentaglutamates representing the major portion). 5-CHO-H4PteGlun(1–6) constituted 65–70% of total folate activity. Cow's milk contained monoglutamates (60%) and polyglutamates (ranging from di- to hepta-conjugates). In contrast to soybean, 90–95% of milk folate was in the 5-CH3-H4PteGlun(1–7) form.

Download Full-text

Early allergy symptoms in infants aged 0-6 months on breast milk substitutes

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi55.1.2015.13-7 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 13

Author(s):

Mulya Safri ◽

Aulia Rahman Putra

Keyword(s):

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Food Allergies ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Initial Symptom ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Breast Milk Substitutes ◽

Milk Substitutes ◽

Allergic March

Background Atopic diseases are common in children and a serious health problem worldwide. Atopic dermatitis, food allergies, asthma and allergic rhinitis, have been described as the natural progression of allergic diseases, also known as the “allergic march”. Cow’s milk protein is known to be a common trigger of food allergies and hypersensitivity reactions during infancy. Objective To give an overview of the breast milk substitutes (BMS) and incidence of early allergy onset (allergic march) in atopic infants aged 0-6 months. Methods This cross-sectional study included a total of 40 atopic infants collected by consecutive sampling. A questionnaire was used for interview that inquired information on the type of BMS used, initial allergy complaints, the age of the emergence of early allergic symptoms, and the breakdown for BMS type. Univariate analysis was carried out to describe their characteristics as frequency distributions and percentages of each variables. Results Atopic dermatitis and wheezing were more common in boys (62.5%). Atopic dermatitis was the most common initial symptom to occur in atopic infants (52.5%). Atopic dermatitis and wheezing occurred together in 27.5% subjects. Early allergy symptoms that first occurred at the age of 1 month were seen in 42.9% for atopic dermatitis category, 37.5% for wheezing category, and 63.6% for both symptoms category, respectively. Cow’s milk was the most common type of BMS given to atopic infants in the first 6 months of life (47.5%). Conclusion Early symptoms of allergies, such as atopic dermatitis and wheezing, are more common in boys than girls. Atopic dermatitis is the most common early symptom to arise, but both symptoms occur at an early age, often during the first month of life.

Download Full-text

Nutritional Quality of Plant-Based Drinks Sold in Italy: The Food Labelling of Italian Products (FLIP) Study

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9050682 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 682

Author(s):

Donato Angelino ◽

Alice Rosi ◽

Giorgia Vici ◽

Marika Dello Russo ◽

Nicoletta Pellegrini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Claims ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Added Sugars ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Nutrient Profile ◽

Organic Certification ◽

Italian Market ◽

Lower Protein ◽

Milk Substitutes

Plant-based drinks represent a heterogeneous class of beverages, made from several vegetal sources, with a market rapidly expanding around the world. These beverages are mainly drunk in the replacement of milk. Thus, aims of the present study were to: (i) evaluate the nutritional declaration of 330 plant-based drinks currently available on the Italian market; (ii) compare their nutrition facts based on type, presence or not of organic certification and nutrition (NC) or health claims (HC), and of specific claims (“no added sugars” and “source of calcium”); (iii) compare their nutrition composition with cow’s milk. A high variability in terms of nutrient profile among products was observed. Limited difference was found between products belonging to both organic and NC categories, while products carrying HC showed lower energy, carbohydrates, sugar, and higher protein contents than the related counterparts. Compared to cow’s milk, plant-based drinks showed differences in terms of nutrient profile, mostly regarding the lower protein content (except for soy drinks). Overall, due to the variability, findings from the present survey show that plant-based drinks sold in Italy cannot be considered tout court as milk substitutes and support the importance of improving knowledge towards food labeling to make conscious food choices.

Download Full-text

Immune reactivity against a variety of mammalian milks and plant-based milk substitutes

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029918000523 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 85 (3) ◽

pp. 358-365 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Aristo Vojdani ◽

Chris Turnpaugh ◽

Elroy Vojdani

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Immune Reactivity ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Ige Reactivity ◽

Sheep Milk ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Iga Antibodies ◽

Milk Substitute ◽

Milk Substitutes

The research reported here seeks to evaluate the allergenicity and antigenicity of different mammalian and plant-based milks/milk substitutes in healthy subjects. We used ELISA to measure IgE and IgG antibodies against cow, goat, sheep, camel, human milks, and soy, almond, and coconut plant-based milk substitutes, as well as IgA antibodies against all these apart from human milk, in 500 individuals in order to find the percentage of antibody elevation. IgG and IgE positivity showed that human milk was the least antigenic and allergenic, followed by camel milk. Cow's milk showed the highest percentage of elevation or reactivity. Among plant-based milk substitutes, the almond-based substitute was the most allergenic with the highest IgE reactivity, while the coconut milk substitute was lowest. For IgG and IgA immuno-reactivity, soy was first, with coconut again the lowest. We found IgE and IgG immune reactivity against coconut, almond and soymilks in some individuals who were non-reactive to mammalian milk, therefore, we should not assume that consumption of these milks is automatically without risk of allergenic response. We selected 24 samples out of the original 500 for the measurement of IgE antibodies against five different types of cow's milk, from non-organic to organic, A1 and A2. Statistical variance analysis detected no significant difference in IgE, IgG and IgA immune reactivities of the five different cow milks. Our results showed that if an individual is immuno-reactive to cow's milk, organic or not, the probability of reacting to goat and sheep milk is very high. Overall, the results presented here showed that for individuals allergic to cow's milk, the least allergenic alternatives in descending order are human, camel, sheep, and goat milks. Before choosing an alternative for cow's milk, one must go through accurate and quantitative blood testing for determination of IgE, IgG and IgA antibodies against different mammalian and plant-based milks/milk substitutes.

Download Full-text