08. New Education Policy 2020 and the Curriculum of BS Urdu

BS is the main phase of Pakistan’s education system. Major portion of the higher education-seeking students reach this level of education. That is why, it carries much importance in the system. Its curriculum is going under continuous observation and consequent changes. Curriculum of BS Urdu also underwent three times changes since 2009. The curriculum was first developed by HEC in 2009. It was modified and updated in 2013. “The Undergraduate Education Policy 2020” is the latest document in this connection. The policy was issued to update the curriculum and conform it to the modern world needs. Practical and Job-oriented approach is the main focus of this policy which reflects in the nine weeks compulsory Standard Internship and entrepreneurship. In this article, the major changes and modifications suggested through this policy have been analyzed and the subsequent conclusion and recommendations have been presented.

Masturbation in a male Phayre's langur, <i>Trachypithecus phayrei</i>

Masturbation is a common auto-sexual behaviour in humans but is not explicitly known in a major portion of non-human primates. We report the first masturbatory behaviour in a male Phayre's langur, Trachypithecus phayrei, observed in a semi-evergreen forest in northeastern Bangladesh. Like other Asian colobines, the multi-male–multi-female groups of the Phayre's langur suggest a multilevel social organization and a complex hierarchy among males. The lack of sexual opportunity could result in masturbation and sperm competition among males. However, sperm competition is reported to be low in such non-seasonal breeders. Hence, we suggest an adequate characterization of the socio-sexual behaviour and reproductive strategies of this globally endangered primate in order to demonstrate the causes, cost and consequences of masturbation. We also urge further scientific exploration into masturbation among primates due to its evolutionary and conservational significance.

An Investigation of Some Reactions of N-Chlorocompounds

<p>A vast volume of literature exists on this subject, the major portion being concerned with nucleophilic aliphatic substitution reactions covered by the general equation:- Y + Alk - X --> Alk - Y + X (SN) where the new bond is formed by co-ordination, and the old one broken by heterolysis, as indicated by the dotted line. There is necessarily and electron transfer from the substituting species Y to the centre of substitution in Alk, and from this centre to the expelled group X; hence Y becomes formally one electronic unit more positive and X one unit more negative.</p>

An Investigation of Some Reactions of N-Chlorocompounds

<p>A vast volume of literature exists on this subject, the major portion being concerned with nucleophilic aliphatic substitution reactions covered by the general equation:- Y + Alk - X --> Alk - Y + X (SN) where the new bond is formed by co-ordination, and the old one broken by heterolysis, as indicated by the dotted line. There is necessarily and electron transfer from the substituting species Y to the centre of substitution in Alk, and from this centre to the expelled group X; hence Y becomes formally one electronic unit more positive and X one unit more negative.</p>

“I Am Not Punjabi, My Parents Are”: Degradation of the Language of Dominant Majority

Due to social and geographical mobility and globalization, many minority languages in the world are pushed to the periphery. Reasons for such a trend differ among languages. In the case of the Punjabi language, despite being spoken by a major portion of the population, the speakers are gradually disowning it. Considering this gradual shift, the present study explores the predicament of the Punjabi language. The study uses phenomenological design and collects data from Punjabi ethnic students in four different universities in Islamabad. The study uses semi-structured interviews, TV shows, and natural conversations. Findings reveal that the Punjabi speakers themselves disown their language as well as Punjabi identity due to social, economic, religious, and political reasons. Especially women avoid the language more, they do not speak Punjabi with their children, and they reject their Punjabi identity.

Lytic archaeal viruses infect abundant primary producers in Earth’s crust

The continental subsurface houses a major portion of life’s abundance and diversity, yet little is known about viruses infecting microbes that reside there. Here, we use a combination of metagenomics and virus-targeted direct-geneFISH (virusFISH) to show that highly abundant carbon-fixing organisms of the uncultivated genus Candidatus Altiarchaeum are frequent targets of previously unrecognized viruses in the deep subsurface. Analysis of CRISPR spacer matches display resistances of Ca. Altiarchaea against eight predicted viral clades, which show genomic relatedness across continents but little similarity to previously identified viruses. Based on metagenomic information, we tag and image a putatively viral genome rich in protospacers using fluorescence microscopy. VirusFISH reveals a lytic lifestyle of the respective virus and challenges previous predictions that lysogeny prevails as the dominant viral lifestyle in the subsurface. CRISPR development over time and imaging of 18 samples from one subsurface ecosystem suggest a sophisticated interplay of viral diversification and adapting CRISPR-mediated resistances of Ca. Altiarchaeum. We conclude that infections of primary producers with lytic viruses followed by cell lysis potentially jump-start heterotrophic carbon cycling in these subsurface ecosystems.

Integration of sensors for dam water quality analysis – a prototype

Water consumed is stored in several water bodies in and around us, out of which dams accommodate a major portion of water. The quantity and quality monitoring of water in Dams is troublesome due to its large surface area and high depths. Though groundwater resources are the primary water source in India, Dams plays a vital role in water distribution and storage network. Central Water Commission in India has identified more than 5,000 dams of which a major portion is persistently consumed by the rural and urban population for drinking and irrigation. The water quality of these reservoirs is of serious concern as it would not only affect the socio-economic status of the nation but the aquatic systems as well. Water quality control and management are vital for delivering clean water supply to the common society. Because of their size, collecting, assessing, and managing a vast volume of water quality data is critical. Water quality data is primarily obtained through manual field sampling; however, real-time sensor monitoring is increasingly being used for more efficient data collection. The literature depicts that the methodsinvolving remote sensing and image processing of water quality analysis consume time, require sample collection at various depths, analysis of collected samples, and manual interpretations. The objective of this study is to propose a novel cost-effective method to monitor water quality devoid of considerable human intervention. The sensor-based online monitoring aids in assessing the sample with limited technology, at various depths of water in the dam to analyze turbidity which gives the major indication of pure water. The quality analysis of the dam water is worthy if the water is assessed at the distribution end before consumption. Hence, to enhance the water management system, other quality parameters like pH, conductivity, temperature are sensed and monitored in the distribution pipeline. The unstable pH can alter the chemical and microbiological aspects of water resulting in a variation of other water quality parameters Temperature variations affect the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water bodies which results in unstable quality parameters. The change in dissolved solvents and the ionic concentration alters the electrical conductivity of the water and the increased concentration of salts also results in turbidity. The data from all the sensors are processed by the microcontroller, transmitted, and displayed in a mobile application comprehensible to the layman.

Improved Real time Signboard Detection and Translation Using FRCNN

In India, majority of people are speaking the language Hindi, but a major portion of signboards are in English. On a business or pleasure trip, the travelers get confused by the various sign boards written in English. As smartphones becomes most popular inrecent years,they canrely on smartphone for the same. This paper explains the work intended to build a mobile application that can recognize the English content and sign present on the signboard image, detect and translate the content and symbols from English to Hindi and display the translated Hindi text back to the screen of the phone. The system uses pre-trained faster regional convolutional neural networkusing pre-trained CNN for object detection, tesseract OCR for text extraction and English-to-Hindi dictionary for translation.

Clinical Incidence of Diseases in Cattle and Goat at Different Area of Bera Upzilla in Pabna District of Bangladesh

Ruminant, especially cattle and goats constitute the major portion of the livestock which are usually suffered from a wide range of diseases. Hence, this study was designed to determine clinical cases of cattle and goat in relation to different parameter. A total of 106 sick ruminants (cattle = 56, goat = 50) in different area of Bera upzilla, Pabna were investigated during March to September, 2016. The parasitic infestation (32.1%) in cattle and viral diseases (36%) in goat were higher. In relation to sex, the disease frequencies were higher in female goat of 56.0% and reproductive diseases in female cattle of 66.7%. Among the clinical case, 70% was in black bangle goat. On the other side, the vaccination and grazing system had strong significant (p<0.01) association with disease frequencies having the chi-square value of 36.036 and 35.617, p<0.01, with Phi (φ) coefficient of 0.583 and -0.580 respectively. Besides this, the male owner of clinically sick animal was higher of 71.40% for cattle and 52% for goat with chi-square value, (N=106) = 4.244, p<0.05, φ coefficient of 0.20 indicating a significantly moderate association. However, these two ruminants (cattle and goat) are mostly vulnerable to parasitic infestation and viral diseases.