Nocardiosis in Children: Report of Three Cases and Review of the Literature

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-484
Author(s):  
Ziad H. Idriss ◽  
Robert J. Cunningham ◽  
Catherine M. Wilfert
Keyword(s):  
Nocardia Asteroides ◽  
Immunocompromised Patients ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Successful Therapy ◽  
Nocardia Species ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Immunological Deficiency ◽  
Alternative Drugs

The clinical illnesses observed in three adolescents with Nocardia asteroides infection are described. The organism has been classified as a bacterium and placed in the Actinomycetaceae family. Sulfonamides remain the first choice for chemotherapy but alternative drugs are available and may be essential in successful therapy. Nocardial infections in children indicate the need for evaluation for an underlying immunological deficiency. Nocardia species should be considered as possible causative agents in immunocompromised patients with infection.

Nocardiosis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1176-1179
Author(s):  
Roderick J. Hay
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Deep Infection ◽  
Nocardia Asteroides ◽  
Immunocompromised Patients ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Nocardia Species ◽  
Lung Infections ◽  
The Tropics

Nocardia species—Nocardia asteroides, N. brasiliensis, and N. otidiscaviarum—are Gram-positive, filamentous, partially acid-fast bacteria. They are occasionally detectable in environmental sources such as soil, but they rarely cause infections in humans, although they can give rise to a variety of different diseases. In healthy individuals, most commonly in the tropics, they can present with cutaneous abscesses or subcutaneous infections (actinomycetoma) in which the organisms are present as clusters of filaments or grains. In immunocompromised patients they cause a disseminated or localized deep infection, with particular sites affected being the lungs or brain. Diagnosis of Nocardia infection depends on culture, although histopathology is very useful in Nocardia actinomycetomasiii. Antibiotic treatment is typically with a sulphonamide (often as co-trimoxazole for lung infections), but combinations of drugs are usually given because the responsiveness of Nocardia species is very variable.

scholarly journals Actinomycetes Mycetoma

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (01) ◽  
pp. 043-045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumati Hogade ◽  
Metgud S C. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Disease ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Tissue Sample ◽  
Nocardia Asteroides ◽  
Immunocompromised Patients ◽  
Nocardia Species ◽  
Tropical Countries ◽  
Immunocompetent Individual ◽  
Male Farmer ◽  
Phenotypic Methods

ABSTRACTMycetoma is a chronic infection, frequently seen in tropical and sub-tropical countries and is considered as an occupational disease. Nocardia species though it can infect immunocompetent individuals, it most commonly affects immunocompromised patients. A 50-year-old male, farmer presented to our hospital with serosanguineous discharging swelling over the dorsum of right foot. We have isolated Nocardia asteroides from the tissue sample. Speciation of this isolate was carried out based on phenotypic methods. Hereby we report a case of Actinomycetes Mycetoma in an immunocompetent individual.

Hypertonic saline for treating raised intracranial pressure: literature review with meta-analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 210-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin M. Mortazavi ◽  
Andrew K. Romeo ◽  
Aman Deep ◽  
Christoph J. Griessenauer ◽  
Mohammadali M. Shoja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Effective Agent ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Retrospective Comparison ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Pubmed Search

Object Currently, mannitol is the recommended first choice for a hyperosmolar agent for use in patients with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). Some authors have argued that hypertonic saline (HTS) might be a more effective agent; however, there is no consensus as to appropriate indications for use, the best concentration, and the best method of delivery. To answer these questions better, the authors performed a review of the literature regarding the use of HTS for ICP reduction. Methods A PubMed search was performed to locate all papers pertaining to HTS use. This search was then narrowed to locate only those clinical studies relating to the use of HTS for ICP reduction. Results A total of 36 articles were selected for review. Ten were prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 1 was prospective and nonrandomized, 15 were prospective observational trials, and 10 were retrospective trials. The authors did not distinguish between retrospective observational studies and retrospective comparison trials. Prospective studies were considered observational if the effects of a treatment were evaluated over time but not compared with another treatment. Conclusions The available data are limited by low patient numbers, limited RCTs, and inconsistent methods between studies. However, a greater part of the data suggest that HTS given as either a bolus or continuous infusion can be more effective than mannitol in reducing episodes of elevated ICP. A meta-analysis of 8 prospective RCTs showed a higher rate of treatment failure or insufficiency with mannitol or normal saline versus HTS.

scholarly journals Intra-Abdominal Nocardiosis—Case Report and Review of the Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 2141
Author(s):  
Lucas Tramèr ◽  
Kirsten D. Mertz ◽  
Rolf Huegli ◽  
Vladimira Hinic ◽  
Lorenz Jost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Pulmonary Infection ◽  
Abdominal Mass ◽  
Accurate Diagnosis ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Successful Therapy ◽  
Abscess Drainage ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Biopsy Specimens ◽  
Microbiological Examination

Nocardiosis is primarily an opportunistic infection affecting immunosuppressed individuals, in whom it most commonly presents as pulmonary infection and sometimes cerebral abscesses. Isolated abdominal or retroperitoneal nocardiosis is rare. Here, we report the second case, to our knowledge, of isolated abdominal nocardiosis due to Nocardia paucivorans and provide a comprehensive review of intra-abdominal nocardiosis. The acquisition of abdominal nocardiosis is believed to occur via hematogenous spreading after pulmonary or percutaneous inoculation or possibly via direct abdominal inoculation. Cases of Nocardia peritonitis have been reported in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Accurate diagnosis of abdominal nocardiosis requires histological and/or microbiological examination of appropriate, radiologically or surgically obtained biopsy specimens. Malignancy may initially be suspected when the patient presents with an abdominal mass. Successful therapy usually includes either percutaneous or surgical abscess drainage plus prolonged combination antimicrobial therapy.

scholarly journals Primary Chronic Osteomyelitis of the Jaws in Children: An Update on Pathophysiology, Radiological Findings, Treatment Strategies, and Prospective Analysis of Two Cases

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Berglund ◽  
Karin Ekströmer ◽  
Jahan Abtahi
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Osteomyelitis ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Joint Involvement ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Clinical Recurrence ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Objective.Primary chronic osteomyelitis (PCO) of the jaws in children is associated with pain, trismus, and swelling. In children, temporomandibular joint involvement is rare and few studies have been published due to the relatively low incidence. This paper presents two cases of mandibular PCO in children with the involvement of the collum mandibulae. In addition, a review of the literature regarding demographic data, histological, radiological, and laboratory findings, and treatment strategies of PCO was also performed.Material and Methods.Prospective analyses of two PCO cases. A PubMed search was used and the articles were sorted according to their corresponding key area of focus.Results.Review of the literature revealed twenty-four cases of PCO with two cases of mandibular condyle involvement. The mean age was 18 years; the male to female ratio was 1 : 3. Most of the patients were treated with anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with decortication. Clinical recurrence was seen in 7 cases.Conclusion.A combination of anti-inflammatory drugs and surgical intervention appears to be the first choice of treatment. However, surgical removal of necrotic tissue adjacent to collum mandibulae has its limitations in children. Further investigations are of utmost importance in order to increase our knowledge and understanding of this disease.

scholarly journals Nocardia choroidal abscess-a Case report with Review of literature

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-189
Author(s):  
Prachi Abhishek Dave ◽  
Manisha Agarwal ◽  
Neelam Sapra ◽  
Prajakta Kimmatkar
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Nocardia Asteroides ◽  
Immunocompromised Patients ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Culture Positivity ◽  
Choroidal Abscess ◽  
Vitreous Biopsy

Introduction: Nocardia is a common cause of corneal infections but is a rare cause of choroidal abscess. We report a rare case of choroidal abscess, secondary to Nocardia and its management.Case: We report a case of choroidal abscess secondary to Nocardia asteroides species in an immunocompetent young male diagnosed by culture positivity of vitreous biopsy. He was managed by oral trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole and intravitreal Amikacin injections.Conclusion: All the previous reported cases were found to be immunocompromised patients. However, our patient was immunocompetent and the confirmation of diagnosis was done by culture of vitreous biopsy in comparison to a retinochoroidal biopsy, in all other previous cases.

scholarly journals The Complexities of Nocardia Taxonomy and Identification

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia S. Conville ◽  
Barbara A. Brown-Elliott ◽  
Terry Smith ◽  
Adrian M. Zelazny
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Nocardia Asteroides ◽  
Immunocompromised Patients ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Complex Group ◽  
Taxonomic History ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Aerobic Actinomycetes

ABSTRACT Nocardia species are a complex group of organisms considered to belong to the aerobic actinomycetes. Of the validly described species, many have been implicated as the cause of serious human infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. The genus has a complicated taxonomic history; this is especially true for Nocardia asteroides, the type species of the genus and previously the most frequently reported nocardial taxon from human specimens. We provide background on the current taxonomy of Nocardia, with a focus on clinically relevant species, and discuss the currently available methods used to accurately identify isolates to the species, complex, or group level.

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