Microcephaly in a Normal School Population

Heights, weights, and head circumferences were obtained on 1,006 students, ages 5 to 18 years, attending regular classes in four schools in a suburban Seattle school district. From the 1,006 students initially examined, 19 (1.9%) had a head circumference two or more standard deviations below the mean for age and sex. Intelligence quotients and academic achievement scores were obtained on these children and compared with normal controls. No significant difference was found between mean IQs of the study subjects and the controls (99.5 vs. 105), but mean academic achievement scores were significantly lower in the study subjects (49 vs. 70; P < .001). In addition, although mean IQs were not significantly different between those subjects whose head circumference was proportional and those whose head circumference was relatively small, mean academic achievement scores were significantly higher (60 vs. 39; P < .02) in those subjects whose head size was proportional.

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Effect of assessment for learning method on students’ academic achievement in carpentry and joinery in technical colleges

Perspectives of science and education ◽

10.32744/pse.2021.4.8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 121-131

Author(s):

Jane I. Oviawe ◽

◽

Mohamed Nor Azhari Azman ◽

Tee Tze Kiong ◽

Endah Retnowati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Academic Achievement ◽

Traditional Method ◽

Technical Colleges ◽

Assessment For Learning ◽

Female Students ◽

Achievement Scores ◽

Learning Method ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Method Of Assessment

The problem of the study. The conventional assessment methods used in evaluating the academic achievement of students have been saddled with deficiencies. Research methods. This study examined the effect of assessment for learning method on students’ academic achievement in carpentry and joinery works in technical colleges in Edo and Delta States, Nigeria using quasi-experimental research design. The population for this study comprised of 430 students and the sample size was 68 vocational II carpentry and joinery students from two intact classes randomly drawn from the 12 technical colleges in Edo and Delta States. The instrument used for data collection was Carpentry and Joinery Works Achievement Test (CJWAT) developed by the researcher from NBTE curriculum. The instrument was tested by three experts. The reliability of CJWAT was calculated using Kuder Richardson formulae 21 (KR-21) and a reliability coefficient of .78 was achieved. Mean and standard deviation were used to address study questions whereas one-way and two-way Covariance Analysis (ANCOVA) were used to evaluate hypotheses at a .05 level of significance. Results. The study's findings revealed that the learning method assessment (9.43) had a higher achievement score than the traditional method of assessment (5.25), indicating that the learning method assessment had a greater impact on student achievement in carpentry and carpentry than the traditional method of assessment. One-way ANCOVA result, F(1,77) = 56.75, p = .000 indicates a significant difference between the two assessment methods with regards to students’ achievement in carpentry and joinery trade. Female students (9.34) find the Assessment for Learning Method to be marginally more effective than male students (9.30). On the other hand, the Two-way ANCOVA result, F(1,75) = 1.83, p = .180 shows no significant difference between the academic achievement scores in carpentry and joinery trade of the students’ based on gender. It is therefore concluded that there is a significant difference between the mean achievement scores of students assessed with Assessment for Learning method and those assesses with the conventional assessment method in favour of assessment for learning method and no significant difference between the mean achievement scores of male and female students assessed with assessment for learning method at post-test. Conclusion. It was proposed, among other items, that the government and all stakeholders organize and fund seminars, conferences and workshops for technical teachers on a regular basis to attend and learn how to adopt assessment for learning method in educational institutions through the application of rubrics and portfolios.

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HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE, MENTAL RETARDATION, AND GROWTH FAILURE

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.36.1.62 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 62-66

Author(s):

Edward J. O'Connell ◽

Robert H. Feldt ◽

Gunnar B. Stickler

Keyword(s):

Mental Retardation ◽

Head Circumference ◽

Growth Failure ◽

Clinical Impression ◽

Severe Mental Retardation ◽

Small Head ◽

The Mean ◽

Standard Deviations ◽

Mental Subnormality ◽

Age And Sex

The purpose of this study was to re-affirm our clinical impression that non-institutionalized children whose head circumference was below minus 2 standard deviations were mentally subnormal and frequently had growth failure. A group of 134 children with a head circumference below minus 2 standard deviations from the mean were studied, and all but one were mentally subnormal. The most severe mental retardation was noted in the group of children with a head circumference of minus 4 standard deviations or below. We found, as have others, that children with mental retardation have height and weights below the expected norm and that children with a head circumference below minus 2 standard deviations have even lower mean heights and weights. The head circumference of 31 children with growth failure and normal intelligence was normal for age and sex, therefore disproving the concept that the abnormally small child has a proportionally small head. In the child with growth failure, should the head be proportionally small (below minus 2 standard deviations), mental subnormality should be suspected. We feel that the head circumference measurement has taken on new clinical significance in that our data support its use in suspecting the association of mental subnormality in children with growth failure and a head circumference of below minus 2 standard deviations from the mean for age and sex.

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An ecological study of food desert prevalence and 4th grade academic achievement in New York State school districts

Journal of Public Health Research ◽

10.4081/jphr.2014.319 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Seth E. Frndak

Keyword(s):

Academic Achievement ◽

New York ◽

School District ◽

School Districts ◽

Ecological Study ◽

New York State ◽

Food Deserts ◽

Food Desert ◽

Achievement Scores ◽

York State

Background. This ecological study examines the relationship between food desert prevalence and academic achievement at the school district level. Design and methods. Sample included 232 suburban and urban school districts in New York State. Multiple open-source databases were merged to obtain: 4th grade science, English and math scores, school district demographic composition (NYS Report Card), regional socioeconomic indicators (American Community Survey), school district quality (US Common Core of Data), and food desert data (USDA Food Desert Atlas). Multiple regression models assessed the percentage of variation in achievement scores explained by food desert variables, after controlling for additional predictors. Results. The proportion of individuals living in food deserts significantly explained 4th grade achievement scores, after accounting for additional predictors. School districts with higher proportions of individuals living in food desert regions demonstrated lower 4th grade achievement across science, English and math. Conclusions. Food deserts appear to be related to academic achievement at the school district level among urban and suburban regions. Further research is needed to better understand how food access is associated with academic achievement at the individual level.

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Using the laboratory to engage all students in science practices

Chemistry Education Research and Practice ◽

10.1039/c6rp00093b ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 1098-1113 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

J. P. Walker ◽

V. Sampson ◽

S. Southerland ◽

P. J. Enderle

Keyword(s):

Academic Achievement ◽

Female Students ◽

Chemistry Laboratory ◽

Scientific Practices ◽

Science Practices ◽

General Chemistry Laboratory ◽

Representational Practices ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Practical Exam

This study examines the extent to which the type of instruction used during a general chemistry laboratory course affects students’ ability to use core ideas to engage in science practices. We use Ford’s (2008) description of the nature of scientific practices to categorize what student do in the laboratory as either empirical or representational. One approach to lab instruction, engages students in the empirical practices of science but in a traditional prescriptive manner designed to demonstrate and verify content. The second approach, Argument-Driven Inquiry (ADI), engages students in both the empirical and representational practices of science. A practical exam was used to compare student learning in each condition. The assessment targeted student ability to participate in specific scientific practices, including planning and conducting investigations, analyzing and interpreting data and arguing from evidence. Students who were taught with either ADI (N= 81) or Traditional (N= 76) had equivalent understanding of content based on the ACS-GCST exam, however the mean score on the practical exam was significantly higher for students in the ADI sections. Results also indicate that the mean scores on the practical exam were significantly higher in the ADI sections for all students including female students, under-represented minority (URM) students, and students with lower past academic achievement. In the traditional laboratory sections there was a significant difference in the mean scores on the practical exam for the URM student relative to the majority, which was not present in the ADI sections. However, the opposite was found for students with low past academic achievement; the mean score on the practical exam was significantly lower for the students in the ADI sections in comparison to the traditional sections.

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Academic Achievement Test in English and Mathematics of Secondary School Students in relation to Gender Differences

International Journal of Indian Psychology ◽

10.25215/0203.037 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Mohd Hasan ◽

Salahuddin Khan

Keyword(s):

Academic Achievement ◽

Mathematics Achievement ◽

Secondary School ◽

Female Students ◽

Male Students ◽

Achievement Scores ◽

School Students ◽

Male And Female ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Mathematics

The present research study aims to examine the academic achievement of secondary school students in relation to gender differences. The study was carried out on a sample of 100 male and female students studying in class IXth of Aligarh District, U.P. India. Two self developed tools were applied which finally analysed by applying Mean, SD, t-Test and Pearson‟s Coefficient Correlation (r). Results revealed a significant difference between male and female students in English achievement scores and also no significant difference was found between English and Mathematics achievement scores of IXth grade male students. Results also revealed low positive correlation between English and Mathematics achievement of male students of IXth grade and moderate positive correlation between English and Mathematics achievement of female students of IXth grade. The results suggested to the need of motivation and encouragement for enhancing academic achievement scores of male and female students.

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Effect of blended learning on students’ ability level and achievement in senior secondary geography in three education zones in niger state, Nigeria

Journal of Social Knowledge Education ◽

10.37251/jske.v1i1.52 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 21-26

Author(s):

Abubakar Yahya Ibrahim

Keyword(s):

Achievement Scores ◽

High Ability ◽

Ability Level ◽

Significant Interaction Effect ◽

North East ◽

The North ◽

Achievement Score ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Low Ability

Purpose of the study: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of student ability levels on the average value (x̄) of academic achievement of students in geography and the influence of method interactions and abilities on the average achievement score (x̄) of students in geography Methodology: The research design for the study was Quasi-experimental. Niger is one of the 36 States in Nigeria, the state is bordered by Zamfara State in the North, Kebbi State and Benin Republic in North West, Kaduna State in the North East, In the South it is bordered by Kogi State, South West by Kwara State and South East by Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja (Source: Geography Department FUT, Minna and Ministry of Land and Survey-Niger State, Minna). Main Findings: High ability level students had higher mean (x̄) achievement score that the low ability level students Also there is a significant difference between the mean (x̄) the achievement scores of low and high ability level students. Low ability level students who were taught geography using BLM had higher mean gain achievement score than the low ability level students taught using lecture methods while the high level ability students who were taught using BLM had higher mean gain achievement score than the high ability students taught using lecture method. It was further revealed that there is no significant interaction effect of method and ability level on the mean achievement scores in Geography.

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Abstract 308: Pupil Diameter Predicts the Outcome in Patients With Cardiopulmonary Arrest

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.138.suppl_2.308 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 138 (Suppl_2) ◽

Author(s):

Shunichi Imamura ◽

Masaaki Miyata ◽

Risa Kamata ◽

Yutaro Nomoto ◽

Issei Yoshimoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Area Under Curve ◽

Operating Characteristic ◽

Pupil Diameter ◽

Cardiopulmonary Arrest ◽

Spontaneous Circulation ◽

Optimal Management ◽

Return Of Spontaneous Circulation ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Age And Sex

Introduction: Early prediction of the outcome in patients with cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) is important to select the optimal management. The pupil diameter is a simple neurological examination and it predicts the prognosis in patient with stroke. However, the clinical significance of pupil diameter in CPA has not been elucidated. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that pupil diameter would predict the prognosis of CPA patients. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed consecutive 45 patients with CPA and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in our hospital. We analyzed age, sex, cause of CPA, time during CPA, pupil diameter at admission and death in hospital. Results: The mean of age was 67±20 years and male were 34 (76%). The median of CPA time was 33 min [25%, 75%; 22, 46] and pupil diameter was 4.8 mm [3.0, 6.0]. The 26 (58%) patients died in hospital after ROSC. There was no significant difference in age and sex between survival (n=19) and dead (n=26). The CPA time was significantly shorter in survival than that in dead (21 min [10, 39] vs 30 min [30, 52], p=0.005). Furthermore, pupil diameter was significantly smaller in survival compared with dead (3.0mm [2.5, 4.3] vs 5.0mm [4.4, 6.0]) (Figure). The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve for survival after ROSC demonstrated that the area under curve was 0.73 and provided an optimal cut-off value at 4.0mm in pupil diameter with 75% sensitivity and 75% specificity. When CPA time was 28 minutes, the area under curve was 0.76, and sensitivity and specificity were 78% and 71%, respectively. Conclusion: As same as CPA time, pupil diameter is suggested to predict the outcome after ROSC in CPA patients.

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Clinical and pathological significance of sibling Graves' disease

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0940498 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 94 (4) ◽

pp. 498-502 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Toshio Tanaka ◽

Shoichi Katayama ◽

Kanji Kuma ◽

Hajime Tamai ◽

Fumio Matsuzuka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subtotal Thyroidectomy ◽

Graves Disease ◽

Lymphoid Follicles ◽

Mean Values ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Thyroid Glands ◽

History Of ◽

The Mean ◽

And Control ◽

Age And Sex

Abstract. The clinical picture and serum antithyroid antibodies in 16 pairs of siblings with Graves' disease were compared with an age and sex matched group of 32 patients with Graves' disease who did not have a family history of any thyroid disease (control patients). There was a significant difference in frequency and mean titres of antibodies to thyroglobulin between sibling patients. (positive 76.0%) and control patients (positive 40.0%), but not in microsomal antibodies (sibling; positive 92.0%, control; 92.0%). There were no significant differences in the mean values of 24 h 131I-thyroidal uptake, serum T3U, serum T4 and T3 concentrations before treatment between the two groups. Lymphoid follicles and degeneration of the epithelia were more often found in the thyroid glands of sibling patients than in those of the control patients, when 32 (16 sibling, 16 control) thyroid glands from the same groups in the clinical study, including antibody series, were examined pathologically after subtotal thyroidectomy for Graves' disease. Moreover, there was a strong tendency to increased lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration in the thyroid glands of sibling patients with Graves' disease. The findings might indicate that Graves' disease is closely related to Hashimoto's thyroiditis, especially in sibling patients with Graves' disease.

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Relations for Children in Grades 2, 3, and 4 between Balance Skills and Academic Achievement

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1993.76.3c.1296 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 76 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1296-1298 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Tom Rizzuto ◽

Diane Knight

Keyword(s):

Academic Achievement ◽

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Primary Grades ◽

Achievement Scores ◽

Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽

The Mean ◽

And Mathematics ◽

Age Range ◽

Reading And Mathematics

A one-way multivariate analysis of variance of the responses of 122 students enrolled in primary Grades 2, 3, and 4, with an age range of 7 to 11 years, yielded significant differences in the mean reading and mathematics academic achievement scores associated with six balance skills.

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Response of cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity to acetazolamide in patients with dementia and idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus

Neurosurgical FOCUS ◽

10.3171/foc.1999.7.4.12 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. E11

Author(s):

Chia-Cheng Chang ◽

Nobumasa Kuwana ◽

Susumu Ito ◽

Tadashi Ikegami

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Cerebral Blood Flow ◽

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus ◽

Photon Emission ◽

Normal Pressure ◽

Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus ◽

Cerebrovascular Reactivity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Normal Controls

The responses of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) to administration of acetazolamide were investigated in 16 patients with dementia and ventriculomegaly to clarify the cerebral hemodynamics in patients with idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). The mean CBF velocity in the whole brain was measured by the Patlak plot method by using technetium-99m hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime single-photon emission computerized tomography. The CVR values were obtained from the response to administration of 500 mg of acetazolamide and calculated as the percentage of change from the baseline mean CBF value. The mean CBF value was significantly reduced (p < 0.01) in six patients with (35.2 ± 5 ml/100 g/minute) and 10 patients without (33.5 ± 2.8 ml/100 g/minute) NPH compared with the age-matched normal controls (40.8 ± 3.2 ml/100 g/minute), showing no significant difference. The CVR was significantly impaired in patients with NPH (0.8 ± 1.7%; p < 0.001), whereas in patients without NPH preserved CVR (11.3 ± 3%) was demonstrated compared with the normal controls (14.7 ± 1.1%). In patients with NPH a significantly lower CVR (p < 0.001) was shown than in those without NPH. The CVR significantly increased (p < 0.001) after placement of a shunt in patients with NPH. Reductions in both CBF and CVR may be diagnostic indicators of NPH in patients with dementia in whom ventriculomegaly is present. In patients with dementia and idiopathic NPH both reduced CBF and extremely impaired CVR are shown. The results of the present study suggest that ischemia due to the process of NPH is responsible for the reduction of CBF and manifestation of symptoms in patients with idiopathic NPH.

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