Early Contact and Maternal-Infant Bonding: One Decade Later

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 763-768
Author(s):  
Michael E. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Child Development ◽  
Maternal Behavior ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Maternal Bonding ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Skin To Skin ◽  
Short Term Effects

In the last decade, there has been considerable speculation concerning the importance of early skin-to-skin contact between parturient mothers and neonates. This contact is viewed as crucial to the occurrence of maternal bonding, which is seen as a precursor of optimal maternal behavior and thus as a necessary antecedent of optimal child development. In the present review, these conclusions are shown to have been based on equivocal findings obtained in methodologically impoverished studies. Although early contact may have modest but beneficial short-term effects in some circumstances, no positive long-term effects have been demonstrated.

scholarly journals Short- and Long-Term Effects of Nonconsciously Processed Ambient Scents in a Servicescape: Findings From Two Field Experiments

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Girard ◽  
Marcel Lichters ◽  
Marko Sarstedt ◽  
Dipayan Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Railway Company ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Ambient Scents ◽  
Short Term Effects

Ambient scents are being increasingly used in different service environments. While there is emerging research on the effects of scents, almost nothing is known about the long-term effects of consumers’ repeated exposure to ambient scents in a service environment as prior studies on ambient scents have been lab or field studies examining short-term effects of scent exposure only. Addressing this limitation, we examine the short- and long-term effects of ambient scents. Specifically, we present a conceptual framework for the short- and long-term effects of nonconsciously processed ambient scent in olfactory-rich servicescapes. We empirically test this framework with the help of two large-scale field experiments, conducted in collaboration with a major German railway company, in which consumers were exposed to a pleasant, nonconsciously processed scent. The first experiment demonstrates ambient scent’s positive short-term effects on consumers’ service perceptions. The second experiment—a longitudinal study conducted over a 4-month period—examines scent’s long-term effects on consumers’ reactions and demonstrates that the effects persist even when the scent has been removed from the servicescape.

scholarly journals Are There Epigenetic Oxytocin-Mediated Effects on the Mother and Infant during Physiological Childbirth?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 9503
Author(s):  
Kerstin Uvnäs-Moberg ◽  
Mechthild M. Gross ◽  
Andee Agius ◽  
Soo Downe ◽  
Jean Calleja-Agius
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Oxytocin Receptor ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Global Methylation ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Mode Of Birth ◽  
Skin To Skin

Introduction: Studies have shown that long-term positive behavioural and physiological changes are induced in connection with vaginal, physiological birth, and skin-to-skin contact after birth in mothers and babies. Some of these effects are consistent with the effect profile of oxytocin. This scoping review explores whether epigenetic changes of the oxytocin gene and of the oxytocin receptor gene (OTR) are involved in these effects. Methods: We searched Pubmed, Medline, BioMed Central, Cochrane Library, OVID, and Web of Science for evidence of epigenetic changes in connection with childbirth in humans, with a particular focus on the oxytocin system. Results: There were no published studies identified that were related to epigenetic changes of oxytocin and its receptor in connection with labour, birth, and skin-to-skin contact after birth in mothers and babies. However, some studies were identified that showed polymorphisms of the oxytocin receptor influenced the progress of labour. We also identified studies in which the level of global methylation was measured in vaginal birth and caesarean section, with conflicting results. Some studies identified differences in the level of methylation of single genes linked to various effects, for example, immune response, metabolism, and inflammation. In some of these cases, the level of methylation was associated with the duration of labour or mode of birth. We also identified some studies that demonstrated long-term effects of mode of birth and of skin-to-skin contact linked to changes in oxytocin function. Conclusion: There were no studies identified that showed epigenetic changes of the oxytocin system in connection with physiological birth. The lack of evidence, so far, regarding epigenetic changes did not exclude future demonstrations of such effects, as there was a definite role of oxytocin in creating long-term effects during the perinatal period. Such studies may not have been performed. Alternatively, the oxytocin linked effects might be indirectly mediated via other receptors and signalling systems. We conclude that there is a significant lack of research examining long-term changes of oxytocin function and long-term oxytocin mediated adaptive effects induced during physiological birth and skin-to-skin contact after birth in mothers and their infants.

scholarly journals Short-Term Effects of Drying-Rewetting and Long-Term Effects of Nutrient Loading on Periphyton N:P Stoichiometry

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres Sola ◽  
Luca Marazzi ◽  
Monica Flores ◽  
John Kominoski ◽  
Evelyn Gaiser
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
N:P Stoichiometry ◽  
Short Term Effects
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