Short-Term Effects may be Easier to Measure but Long-Term Effects are More Important

2015 ◽  
pp. 159-171
Author(s):  
Tim Broadbent
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Effects

scholarly journals Short- and Long-Term Effects of Nonconsciously Processed Ambient Scents in a Servicescape: Findings From Two Field Experiments

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Girard ◽  
Marcel Lichters ◽  
Marko Sarstedt ◽  
Dipayan Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Railway Company ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Ambient Scents ◽  
Short Term Effects

Ambient scents are being increasingly used in different service environments. While there is emerging research on the effects of scents, almost nothing is known about the long-term effects of consumers’ repeated exposure to ambient scents in a service environment as prior studies on ambient scents have been lab or field studies examining short-term effects of scent exposure only. Addressing this limitation, we examine the short- and long-term effects of ambient scents. Specifically, we present a conceptual framework for the short- and long-term effects of nonconsciously processed ambient scent in olfactory-rich servicescapes. We empirically test this framework with the help of two large-scale field experiments, conducted in collaboration with a major German railway company, in which consumers were exposed to a pleasant, nonconsciously processed scent. The first experiment demonstrates ambient scent’s positive short-term effects on consumers’ service perceptions. The second experiment—a longitudinal study conducted over a 4-month period—examines scent’s long-term effects on consumers’ reactions and demonstrates that the effects persist even when the scent has been removed from the servicescape.

Early Contact and Maternal-Infant Bonding: One Decade Later

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 763-768
Author(s):  
Michael E. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Child Development ◽  
Maternal Behavior ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Maternal Bonding ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Skin To Skin ◽  
Short Term Effects

In the last decade, there has been considerable speculation concerning the importance of early skin-to-skin contact between parturient mothers and neonates. This contact is viewed as crucial to the occurrence of maternal bonding, which is seen as a precursor of optimal maternal behavior and thus as a necessary antecedent of optimal child development. In the present review, these conclusions are shown to have been based on equivocal findings obtained in methodologically impoverished studies. Although early contact may have modest but beneficial short-term effects in some circumstances, no positive long-term effects have been demonstrated.

scholarly journals Short-Term Effects of Drying-Rewetting and Long-Term Effects of Nutrient Loading on Periphyton N:P Stoichiometry

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres Sola ◽  
Luca Marazzi ◽  
Monica Flores ◽  
John Kominoski ◽  
Evelyn Gaiser
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
N:P Stoichiometry ◽  
Short Term Effects

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS IN A SUBTROPICAL BRAZILIAN RIVER AFTER AN OIL SPILL

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (1) ◽  
pp. 701-702
Author(s):  
Bias Marçal de Faria ◽  
Mário César Timmerman ◽  
Eduardo Barcellos Platte ◽  
Mário do Rosário
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Community ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Getulio Vargas ◽  
One Year ◽  
Short Term Effects

ABSTRACT Part of the production of the Refinery Getúlio Vargas (Paraná State, South Brazil), is transported through OLAPA Pipeline to a Marine Terminal in Paranaguá. In February/2001 occurred a displacement of a great amount of land which caused abrupt rupture of the pipeline in km 57, and 57.000 liters of diesel oil was spilled. Despite all efforts of PETROBRAS contingency team, the oil spilled reached 3 rivers (Meio River, Sagrado River and Nhun-diaquara River) and ending at the sea in Antonina Bay. Right after the incident, a monitoring program was established to evaluate short term effects. One year after the incident, long term effects were also evaluated, especially concerning benthic community and ecotoxicology on the rivers affected by the spill, and plant and birds community in region on its influence. The results point short term effects on water chemistry, but those lasted no more than one week. Short and long term effects on birds and benthic community were not detected.

scholarly journals Specific versus Non-Specific Exercises for Chronic Neck or Shoulder Pain: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 5946
Author(s):  
Lirios Dueñas ◽  
Marta Aguilar-Rodríguez ◽  
Lennard Voogt ◽  
Enrique Lluch ◽  
Filip Struyf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Shoulder Pain ◽  
Pain Reduction ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Specific Exercise ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Effects

The current systematic review aimed to compare the effect of injury-focused (specific) exercises versus more general (non-specific) exercises on pain in patients with chronic neck or shoulder pain. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Two reviewers screened and selected studies, extracted outcomes, assessed risk of bias, and rated the quality of evidence. A total of nine eligible studies, represented in 13 articles, were identified, with a considerable risk of bias. One article investigated the acute effect of single bouts of exercise on pain and reported an immediate pain reduction after non-specific exercise. Regarding short-term effects, seven out of the nine studies found no differences in pain between interventions, with inconsistent results among two other studies. Concerning the long-term effects, while pain reduction seems to be favored by specific exercises (two out of four articles), the best format is still unclear. Based on the acute effects, a single bout of non-specific exercise seems to be a better option for pain-relief for patients with chronic neck or shoulder pain. For short-term effects, there are no differences in pain between specific and non-specific exercises. Regarding long-term effects, specific exercises seem to be the best option. Nevertheless, more studies are warranted.

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