Impact of the WIC Program on the Iron Status of Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Miller ◽  
Sheldon Swaney ◽  
Amos Deinard
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Wic Program ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Supplemental Food ◽  
Women And Children

The WIC Program (Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children) was initiated in the early 1970s to improve the nutritional status of pregnant women, lactating women, and children from birth to 5 years of age who were at risk for nutritionally related health problems. Better hematologic status of a group of preschool-aged infants who were enrolled in the WIC Program from birth, as compared with another group of similar age and socioeconomic status from the pre-WIC Program era, suggests that participation in the WIC Program will help limit the development of iron depletion or iron deficiency anemia in young children, an important consideration in view of the deleterious hematologic and nonhematologic effects that have been attributed to those conditions.

scholarly journals Basic Approach to Prevalence of Iron-Deficiency Anemia among Pregnant Women and Children in South Florida before 2003

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhodner J. Orisma ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
South Florida ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Folic Acid Deficiency ◽  
Nutritional Problem ◽  
Women And Children

Obviously iron deficiency is determined as the most prevalent nutritional problem in the world today. It is provoked by a lack of iron in the diet. In South Florida, since pregnant women tend to neglect prenatal care, the prevalence of anemia primarily occurs during the first and second trimesters of their pregnancy. Accordingly, medical studies show that premature deliveries, low birth weight, birth defects, infant mortality, etc. result from iron deficiency anemia. In this, birth defects are, however, considered as quite associated with folic acid deficiency anemia. That explains why, this paper also deals with the study published by the March of Dimes on folic acid and pregnancy. In addition, the paper approaches qualitatively the socioeconomic and sociocultural aspects of the disease according to eight (8) interviews conducted in Broward and Miami Date counties to highlight the existing preventive programs for vulnerable population such as women, infants and children in South Florida, USA.

scholarly journals IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA:

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (02) ◽  
pp. 155-158
Author(s):  
SAEED SIDDIQUI ◽  
ATIF SITWAT HAYAT ◽  
M. KHALID SIDDIQUI ◽  
Naila Atif ◽  
Hamayun Shah
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Child Bearing ◽  
Age Range

Objectives: To estimate the frequency of iron deficiency anemia in a sample of population of pregnant women residingpermanently at high altitude of ≥5000 feet in different areas of district Abbottabad. Study Design: Cross sectional Study. Place & duration ofStudy: Northern Institute of Medical Sciences Abbottabad: From 17 August 2009 to 15 June 2010. Subjects and Methods: This study wascarried out on hundred pregnant women residing permanently at an altitude of ≥5000 feet above sea level in district Abbottabad. The agerange was fixed to 15-45 (child bearing age ) years. Suspected study participants having anemia were tested for iron status by serum ferritintest. Pregnant women having both anemia and iron deficiency were labeled as patients of Iron deficiency anemia. Results: The age range was15-41 years with a mean of + / - SD of 28.13 + / - 6.61. All women were of low and middle socioeconomic class with 74 % illiteracy. 60 % of womenhad birth spacing of two or less than two years. 64 % of pregnant women had three children. Anemia was detected in 74 % (X2 =9.42 p > 0.05),iron deficiency in 66 % (X2 = 14.76 p <0.01) and iron deficiency anemia in 60 % (X2 = 13.56 p < 0.01). Conclusions: High altitude residentpregnant women remain at high risk of developing iron deficiency anemia because of illiteracy, poverty and ignorance. With adequate nutritionand health education the problem can be addressed effectively.

scholarly journals Associations of Food and Nutrient Intake with Serum Hepcidin and the Risk of Gestational Iron-Deficiency Anemia among Pregnant Women: A Population-Based Study

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3501
Author(s):  
Noor Rohmah Mayasari ◽  
Chyi-Huey Bai ◽  
Tzu-Yu Hu ◽  
Jane C.-J. Chao ◽  
Yi Chun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Serum Hepcidin ◽  
Food And Nutrient Intake

Hepcidin is a regulator of iron metabolism. Diet affects the body’s iron status, but how it influences hepcidin concentrations and the risk of gestational iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) remains unclear. We investigated relationships of food and nutrient intake with serum hepcidin levels in relation to the iron status at a population scale. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted based on data obtained from the Nationwide Nutrition and Health Survey in pregnant women, Taiwan (2017~2020). In total, 1430 pregnant women aged 20~45 years with a singleton pregnancy were included. Data from blood biochemistry, 24-h dietary recall, and a food frequency questionnaire were collected during a prenatal checkup. Adjusted multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses were employed to measure the beta coefficient (ß) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of serum hepcidin and the odds ratio (OR) of IDA. In IDA women, serum hepcidin levels were positively correlated with the intake frequency of Chinese dim sum and related foods (β = 0.037 (95% CI = 0.015~0.058), p = 0.001) and dark leafy vegetables (β = 0.013 (0.001~0.025), p = 0.040), but they were negatively correlated with noodles and related products (β = −0.022 (−0.043~−0.001), p = 0.038). An adjusted multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that dietary protein [OR: 0.990 (0.981~1.000), p = 0.041], total fiber [OR: 0.975 (0.953~0.998), p = 0.031], and rice/rice porridge [OR: 1.007 (1.00~1.014), p = 0.041] predicted gestational IDA. Total carbohydrates [OR: 1.003 (1.000~1.006), p = 0.036], proteins [OR: 0.992 (0.985~0.999), p = 0.028], gourds/shoots/root vegetables [OR: 1.007 (0.092~1.010), p = 0.005], and to a lesser extent, savory and sweet glutinous rice products [OR: 0.069 (0.937~1.002), p = 0.067] and dark leafy vegetables [OR: 1.005 (0.999~1.011), p = 0.088] predicted IDA. The risk of IDA due to vegetable consumption decreased with an increasing vitamin C intake (p for trend = 0.024). Carbohydrates and vegetables may affect the gestational iron status through influencing hepcidin levels. Vitamin C may lower the risk of gestational IDA due to high vegetable consumption.

scholarly journals Oral Iron Prophylaxis in Pregnancy: Not Too Little and Not Too Much!

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Milman
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Ferrous Iron ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Fetal Brain ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Oral Iron ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Deficient

An adequate supply of iron is essential for normal development of the fetus and newborn child. Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) during pregnancy increase the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight. Iron is important for development of the fetal brain and cognitive abilities of the newborn. Children born to iron-deficient mothers will start their lives suffering from iron deficiency or even IDA. Oral iron prophylaxis to pregnant women improves iron status and prevents development of IDA. The Danish National Board of Health has since 1992 recommended prophylactic oral iron supplements to all pregnant women and the currently advocated dose is 40–50 mg ferrous iron taken between meals from 10 weeks gestation to delivery. However, 30–40 mg ferrous iron is probably an adequate dose in most affluent societies. In developed countries, individual iron prophylaxis guided by iron status (serum ferritin) has physiological advantages compared to general iron prophylaxis. In contrast, in most developing countries, general iron prophylaxis is indicated, and higher doses of oral iron, for example, 60 mg ferrous iron or even more should be recommended, according to the present iron status situation in the specific populations of women of fertile age and pregnant women.

scholarly journals Effect of Emblica Officinalis (amloki) on iron status in pregnant women with iron deficiency anaemia

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Tahmina Akter ◽  
Qazi Shamima Akhter
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Serum Iron ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Ferritin Level ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Level ◽  
Emblica Officinalis

Background: Common clinical practice of prescribing Iron supplementation for Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in pregnancy is associated with a number of side effects. Emblica officinalis (amloki) is a well known dietary supplement used by traditional practitioners to treat anemia. Objective: To evaluate the effects of oral supplementation of Emblica officinalis on iron status in pregnant women with IDA. Methods: This prospective interventional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Dhaka Medical College (DMC), Dhaka from July 2016 to June 2017 on 43 pregnant women aged 18 to 36 years between 13th to 20th weeks of gestation with IDA. They were recruited from the Out-patient department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, DMC Hospital. Among them 24 were supplemented with amloki and iron (IAS) and 19 women received only iron supplementation (IS). Study variables were estimated at the baseline and after 45 days of supplementation. Serum iron, ferritin and Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were estimated following standard laboratory methods. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. Paired and Unpaired Student’s t-test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Serum iron levels were significantly higher (p<0.001) and serum TIBC were significantly lower (p<0.001) in both groups after supplementation compared to their baseline value. But post supplementation serum ferritin level was significantly higher (p<0.01) only in IAS group compared to that of the baseline. Again, after intervention, serum iron level was significantly higher (p<0.05) and serum TIBC was significantly lower (p<0.01) in IAS group when compared with those of IS group. Conclusions: Data concluded that oral Emblica officinalis supplement along with iron was more effective than only iron supplementation to improve serum iron status in pregnant women with IDA. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2019, June; 14(1): 1-6

scholarly journals Iron Status of Infants in the First Year of Life in Northern Taiwan

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiao-Ming Chen ◽  
Shu-Ci Mu ◽  
Chun-Kuang Shih ◽  
Yi-Ling Chen ◽  
Li-Yi Tsai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Anthropometric Measurement ◽  
First Year ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Northern Taiwan

Iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) typically occur in developing countries. Notably, ID and IDA can affect an infant’s emotion, cognition, and development. Breast milk is considered the best food for infants. However, recent studies have indicated that breastfeeding for more than six months increases the risk of ID. This study investigated the prevalence of ID and IDA, as well as the association between feeding type and iron nutritional status in northern Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted on infants who returned to the well-baby clinic for routine examination from October 2012 to January 2014. Overall, 509 infants aged 1–12 months completed the iron nutritional status analysis, anthropometric measurement, and dietary intake assessment, including milk and complementary foods. The results revealed that 49 (10%) and 21 (4%) infants in their first year of life had ID and IDA, respectively, based on the World Health Organization criteria. Breastfed infants had a higher prevalence rate of ID and IDA than mixed-fed and formula-fed infants (p < 0.001). Regarding biomarkers of iron status, plasma hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin, and transferrin saturation (%) levels were significantly lower in ID and IDA groups. The prevalence of ID and IDA were 3.7% and 2.7%, respectively, in infants under six months of age, but increased to 20.4% and 6.6%, respectively, in infants above six months of age. The healthy group had a higher total iron intake than ID and IDA groups, mainly derived from infant formula. The total dietary iron intake was positively correlated with infants’ Hb levels. Compared with formula-fed infants, the logistic regression revealed that the odds ratio for ID was 2.157 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.369–3.399) and that for IDA was 4.196 (95% CI: 1.780–9.887) among breastfed infants (p < 0.001) after adjusted for all confounding factors (including gestational week, birthweight, sex, body weight percentile, body length percentile, age of infants, mothers’ BMI, gestational weight gain, education level, and hemoglobin level before delivery). In conclusion, our results determined that breastfeeding was associated with an increased the prevalence of ID and/or IDA, especially in infants above six months. This suggests that mothers who prolonged breastfeed after six months could provide high-quality iron-rich foods to reduce the prevalence of ID and IDA.

Iron supplementation during pregnancy: what are the risks and benefits of current practices?

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
France M. Rioux ◽  
Caroline P. LeBlanc
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Dietary Reference Intake ◽  
Daily Dose

Iron-deficiency anemia is still prevalent among pregnant women living in industrialized countries such as Canada. To prevent this deficiency, iron supplements (30 mg/d) are routinely prescribed to Canadian pregnant women. Recently, dietary reference intakes for iron have increased from 18 and 23 mg/d during the second and third trimesters, respectively, to 27 mg/d throughout the pregnancy for all age groups. Whether this new recommendation implies an increase of iron dosage in supplements has not been answered. Are there any benefits or risks for the mother and her infant associated with iron supplementation during pregnancy? If iron supplementation is recommended, what should be the ideal dosage? This article reviews current knowledge on the potential negative or positive impact of iron supplementation during pregnancy on the outcomes of both infants and mothers. Based on the literature reviewed, a low daily dose of iron (30 mg elemental iron) during pregnancy improves women’s iron status and seems to protect their infants from iron-deficiency anemia. Several studies have also shown that a low daily dose of iron may improve birth weight even in non-anemic pregnant women. However, higher dosages are not recommended because of the potential negative effects on mineral absorption, oxidative pathways, and adverse gastrointestinal symptoms. To date, it is still not clear if health professionals should recommend routine or selective supplementation. However, neither routine nor selective iron supplementation during pregnancy is able to eliminate iron-deficiency anemia. Even though the dietary reference intake for iron during pregnancy has been recently increased, we do not recommend higher doses of iron in supplements designed for pregnant women.

scholarly journals Basic Approach to Prevalence of Iron-Deficiency Anemia among Pregnant Women and Children in South Florida before 2003

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhodner J. Orisma
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
South Florida ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Folic Acid Deficiency ◽  
Nutritional Problem ◽  
Women And Children

Obviously iron deficiency is determined as the most prevalent nutritional problem in the world today. It is provoked by a lack of iron in the diet. In South Florida, since pregnant women tend to neglect prenatal care, the prevalence of anemia primarily occurs during the first and second trimesters of their pregnancy. Accordingly, medical studies show that premature deliveries, low birth weight, birth defects, infant mortality, etc. result from iron deficiency anemia. In this, birth defects are, however, considered as quite associated with folic acid deficiency anemia. That explains why, this paper also deals with the study published by the March of Dimes on folic acid and pregnancy. In addition, the paper approaches qualitatively the socioeconomic and sociocultural aspects of the disease according to eight (8) interviews conducted in Broward and Miami Date counties to highlight the existing preventive programs for vulnerable population such as women, infants and children in South Florida, USA.

scholarly journals TEA CONSUMPTION AND IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA AMONG PREGNANT WOMAN IN BOGOR DISTRICT, INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Putri Bungsu Machmud ◽  
Ratna Djuwita Hatma ◽  
Ahmad Syafiq
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Tea Consumption ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background. Anemia in pregnancy is an essential problem due to affect to not only the mother’s life but also to baby’s life. An iron deficiency causes about 75 percent of anemia during pregnancy. Objective. This study aimed to identify risk factors for iron deficiency among pregnant women and determine the possible link between iron status and tannin levels associated with tea consumption. Method. The population-based cross-sectional studies were conducted from secondary data of previous thesis-research in 2013, “Pengaruh Kadar Tanin pada Teh Celup terhadap Anemia Gizi Besi (AGB) pada Ibu Hamil di UPT Puskesmas Citeureup Kabupaten Bogor Tahun 2012”. The study population consisted of 94 randomly selected pregnant women. The inclusion criteria were pregnant women who participated in the previous study and have a complete antenatal care record. Demographic data were collected, including data on age, working status, gestational stage, time since last pregnancy, and parity. The information included nutritional variables, such as iron supplements, nutritional status, and iron intake. Also, data for tannin level grouped as low, medium, and high based on the frequency of daily tea consumption and tea-making habits. The linear model analysis was used to determine the influence of tea consumption on serum ferritin levels. Results. The results showed that time since last pregnancy (<2 years), parity (more than two children), reduced consumption of foods containing heme, and levels of tannin consumption (low, medium, or high) were predictors of iron-deficiency anemia. The results also suggested that tannin levels were inversely proportional to serum ferritin levels. Conclusion. Pregnant women who consumed tea with a low tannin level had the highest serum ferritin levels, whereas those who drank tea with medium and high tannin levels had the lowest serum ferritin levels.

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