National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP): Highlights of the Report of the Expert Panel on Blood Cholesterol Levels in Children and Adolescents

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Expert Panel ◽  
The United States ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
Atherosclerotic Process ◽  
Chd Risk Factors

Compelling evidence exists that the atherosclerotic process begins in childhood and progresses slowly into adulthood, at which time it leads frequently to coronary heart disease (CHD), the major cause of death in the United States. Despite substantial success in reducing CHD mortality in the past two decades, the disease is still responsible for more than 500 000 deaths annually. About 20% of hospital discharges for acute CHD are for premature disease, ie, in patients younger than 55 years of age. Many of these adults have children who may have CHD risk factors that need attention. Estimates of the annual cost of CHD range from $41.5 to $56 billion. The Report of the Expert Panel on Blood Cholesterol Levels in Children and Adolescents (which appears as a supplement to this issue of the journal) reviews the evidence that atherosclerosis or its precursors begin in young people; that elevated cholesterol levels early in life play a role in the development of adult atherosclerosis; that eating patterns and genetics affect blood cholesterol levels and CHD risk; and that lowering levels in children and adolescents will be beneficial. Cholesterol is the focus of the report, but other risk factors for atherosclerosis and CHD may originate early in life and should be addressed as well. Specifically, cigarette smoking should be discouraged; hypertension should be identified and treated; obesity should be avoided or reduced; regular aerobic exercise should be encouraged; and diabetes mellitus should be diagnosed and treated. SIGNIFICANCE OF BLOOD CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE

I. Rationale for Attention to Cholesterol Levels in Children and Adolescents

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 528-536
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Expert Panel ◽  
Artery Bypass ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
The United States ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Office Visits ◽  
Eating Pattern ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Chd Risk Factors

Compelling evidence exists that the atherosclerotic process begins in childhood and progresses slowly into adulthood, at which time it leads frequently to coronary heart disease (CHD), the major cause of death in the United States. Despite an impressive decline in mortality during the past 20 years, CHD is still responsible for more than 500 000 deaths annually. Each year, approximately 1.25 million Americans suffer a myocardial infarction, and about 300 000 coronary artery bypass operations are performed. Moreover, an estimated 7 million Americans have symptomatic CHD, accounting for more than 10 million office visits and more than 2 million hospitalizations per year. About 20 percent of hospital discharges for acute CHD are for premature disease, ie, in patients younger than 55 years of age. Many of these adults have children who may have CHD risk factors that need attention. Estimates of the annual cost of CHD range from $41.5 to $56 billion. Elevated blood cholesterol levels are an important cause of atherosclerosis and CHD according to numerous studies. The need to lower blood cholesterol levels in adults was addressed in 1988 when the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) published the Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. That report presented recommendations for lowering high cholesterol levels in individuals 20 years of age or older.1 The NCEP also has addressed blood cholesterol levels in the population as a whole; the Report of the Expert Panel on Population Strategies for Blood Cholesterol Reduction recommended an eating pattern low in saturated fatty acids (SFA), total fat, and cholesterol for all healthy Americans over the age of approximately 2 years2 to reduce average blood cholesterol levels in the United States.

scholarly journals Deteksi Hiperkolesterolemia pada Masyarakat Kota Siak Sri Inderapura

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-253
Author(s):  
Ismawati Ismawati ◽  
Imelda Tresia Pardede
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
District Hospital ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Not Given ◽  
City Community ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
Service Activity ◽  
Chd Risk Factors

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a disorder caused by the process of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries which results in disruption of blood flow to the heart muscle. Various attempts have been made to control CHD but have not given optimal results. One of the basic steps in controlling is to do a health screening that is checking blood cholesterol. The purpose of this service activity is to improve the control of CHD risk factors by detecting hypercholesterolemia so that it is expected to reduce the incidence of CHD. The program was carried out in collaboration with Siak District Hospital and Siak branch IDI. Prospective service participants register online and fill in data in the form of the name, gender, age, address, occupation, height, and weight. On the day of the activity, participants were re-registered. Next is a blood cholesterol check and education about hypercholesterolemia and its management. The effort to detect hypercholesterolemia and education in the Sri Inderapura Siak City community was carried out in August 2019 at the Tengku Maharatu Building. Measurement of community cholesterol levels is done by using a digital inspection tool. On examination found that most participants had normal total cholesterol levels which were 55.94%, while hypercholesterolemia was found in 26 participants (44.06%).

Overview and Summary

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-527
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Low Density ◽  
High Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Atherosclerotic Process

A variety of studies indicate that the process of atherosclerosis begins in childhood, that this process is related to elevated levels of blood cholesterol, and that these levels are often predictive of elevated blood cholesterol in adulthood. Despite substantial success in reducing mortality due to coronary heart disease (CHD) in the past two decades, this disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States. Preventing or slowing the atherosclerotic process in childhood and adolescence could extend the years of healthy life for many Americans. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BLOOD CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE High blood cholesterol levels clearly play a role in the development of CHD in adults. This has been established by many laboratory, clinical, pathologic, and epidemiologic studies. A variety of studies also have demonstrated that the atherosclerotic process begins in childhood and is affected by high blood cholesterol levels. The evidence can be summarized as follows: • Compared to their counterparts in many other countries, US children and adolescents have higher blood cholesterol levels and higher intakes of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, and US adults have higher blood cholesterol levels and higher rates of CHD morbidity and mortality. • Autopsy studies demonstrate that early coronary atherosclerosis or precursors of atherosclerosis often begin in childhood and adolescence. • High serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol levels, and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, are correlated with the extent of early atherosclerotic lesions in adolescents and young adults. • Children and adolescents with elevated serum cholesterol, particularly LDL-cholesterol levels, frequently come from families in which there is a high incidence of CHD among adult members.

The influence of a family history of CHD risk factors on serum lipoprotein levels in black children and adolescents

1982 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Durant ◽  
Charles W. Linder ◽  
Susan Jay ◽  
James W. Harkness ◽  
Richart G. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Serum Lipoprotein ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chd Risk Factors

P6234The relationship of alcohol consumption with risk factors of coronary heart disease and the intake of macro- and micro-nutrients in Japanese: the INTERLIPID study

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Yamauchi ◽  
K Kondo ◽  
S Tanaka ◽  
N Okuda ◽  
H Nakagawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
Drinking Status ◽  
Chd Risk Factors

Abstract Background Many studies have reported the J-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk; therefore, light-drinkers is generally recognized to be associated with the lower risk of CHD. However, the mechanisms of lower risk for CHD in light-drinkers are still unclear. Alcohol drinking status is likely to be associated with not only CHD risk factors but also dietary intake. Nevertheless, few studies report these relationships in detail. Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationships of alcohol drinking status with CHD classical risk factors and the intake of macro- and micro- nutrients in Japanese. Methods Study participants were 1,090 Japanese men and women aged 40–59 years from The INTERLIPID study excepted for 55 individuals who had missing data (n=26) and were past-drinkers (n=29). Alcohol consumption was assessed with two 7-day alcohol records, and average ethanol intake (per week) was calculated. Participants were classified into following 4 groups: non-drinkers (0g/week), light-drinkers (<100 g/week), moderate-drinkers (100–299 g/week), and heavy-drinkers (≥300 g/week). Serum LDL and HDL cholesterol, blood pressure (BP), the prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia, and smoking status were assessed as CHD risk factors. The intake of energy and macro- and micro-nutrients were evaluated from the four-timed in-depth 24-hr dietary recalls. Nutrient intake densities were calculated per total energy intake without alcohol. The analysis of variance and chi-squared test were used to evaluate the relations of alcohol status with CHD risk factors and nutrient intake. Results Serum HDL cholesterol levels increased and LDL cholesterol levels decreased with increasing alcohol consumption. Systolic and diastolic BP increased with increasing alcohol consumption. J-shaped relationships with alcohol consumption were observed for the proportion of current smoker, number of cigarettes, and the prevalence of hypertension; that is, light-drinkers was lowest among all groups. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was the highest in non-drinkers, and decreased with increasing alcohol consumption. In heavy-drinkers, total energy (kcal/day) was the highest, but energy intake without alcohol (kcal/day) was the lowest. For macronutrients, the intake of carbohydrate (%kcal) decreased, and the intakes of total and animal protein (%kcal) increased with increasing alcohol consumption. The intakes of total cholesterol (mg/1000kcal) and sodium (mg/1000kcal) increased, and total fiber (g/1000kcal) decreased with increasing alcohol consumption. These associations were similar in men and women. Conclusions Alcohol consumption was related with not only CHD classical risk factors but also the intake of macro- and micro-nutrients. Non-drinkers had a higher proportion of some CHD risk factors than light-drinkers. These results might influence on J-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption and CHD risk. Acknowledgement/Funding 1: Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture of Japan, 2: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

Heart Disease in Women

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 12-13
Author(s):  
Karina W. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Death Studies ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
Traditional Risk Factors ◽  
Chd Risk Factors

Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the leading cause of death in women in the United States and other industrial countries. CHD accounts for 250,000 female deaths per year, and in contrast to men, there is no indication of declining death rates. Women <65 years of age are twice as likely to die from myocardial infarction (MI) as men and have a poorer prognosis if they survive. Nevertheless, CHD has long been considered a “male” disease and many of the guidelines for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of CHD are extrapolated from data of predominantly middle-aged men to women. It was only in the early 1990s that the National Institute of Health required that researchers report outcome analyses separately by sex. Since then, data has emerged showing that the magnitude of risk conferred by traditional risk factors for CHD (eg, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking) differs between men and women. Sex differences in molecular and cellular mechanisms, and genetics as well as responses to treatment are still vastly understudied.Increasing evidence suggests that besides traditional CHD risk factors, negative emotions are independent prognostic risk factors for CHD. Recently published guidelines by an expert panel for cardiovascular disease prevention in women mention depression as a target for potential psychosocial interventions. Anxiety has also been shown to predict CHD incidence, acute coronary syndromes (ACS), morbidity and mortality post-ACS, and sudden cardiac death. Studies on the relationship between anxiety and CHD have shown mixed results.

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