Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Testing

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 791-794
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Perinatal Transmission ◽  
Pediatric Hiv ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Perinatal Hiv ◽  
Seroprevalence Data ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

PERINATAL INFECTIONS The primary route of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in infants is vertical transmission from HIV-infected mothers. This is of particular concern as the number of infected women and the number of children infected by perinatal transmission continue to increase rapidly. The number of perinatally acquired acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases increased 17% in 1989 and 21% in 1990. Similarly, the number of heterosexually acquired AIDS cases increased 27% in 1989 and 40% in 1990. There is evidence that vertical transmission of HIV can occur in utero (congenital/transplacental, similar to rubella),1,2 in the postpartum period (breast-feeding), and perhaps in the intrapartum period (similar to hepatitis B).3 The relative frequency and efficiency of transmission during each of these periods remains uncertain. The best estimates of vertical transmission from an HIV-seropositive mother to the fetus range from 12.9% to 39%4-6 Although the risk of transmission appears to be increased in women who are symptomatic, this point is still unclear.5 Preliminary information suggests that the presence of high levels of high-affinity/avidity antibodies to specific epitopes of the gp 120 of HIV may be protective and may decrease or prevent vertical transmission,7-10 although others have not been able to confirm this finding.11 More detailed information on perinatal HIV infection,12 and infection control13 in pediatric HIV infection is available in previously published statements from the AAP Task Force on Pediatric AIDS. SEROPREVALENCE Anonymous seroprevalence data from newborn specimens are being collected in 44 states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia. In some states, seroprevalence data are available by metropolitan area and/or by hospital of birth.

Decreased Thymus Size on Chest Radiography: A Sign of Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-102
Author(s):  
ALAN MEYERS ◽  
NICHOLAS PEPE ◽  
WILLIAM CRANLEY ◽  
KATHLEEN MCCARTEN
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Chest Radiography ◽  
Pediatric Hiv ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Generalized Lymphadenopathy ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Thymus Size

The early diagnosis of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in infancy is clinically important but remains problematic in the asymptomatic child born to an HIV-infected mother. In addition, many such women are unaware of their HIV infection until their child manifests symptomatic HIV disease. Nonspecific signs of pediatric HIV infection, such as generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, or persistent thrush, may be important in alerting the clinician to consider the possibility of HIV infection in the child whose history of HIV risk is unknown. We report one such sign which may be evident on plain chest radiography. The pathology of the thymus gland in pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome has been described by Joshi and colleagues,1-3 who have reported precocious involution with marked reduction in thymus size and weight.

Pediatric Guidelines for Infection Control of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (Acquired Immunodeficiency Virus) in Hospitals, Medical Offices, Schools, and Other Settings

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 801-807
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pediatric Hiv ◽  
Intravenous Drug ◽  
Clotting Factor ◽  
Maternal Infection ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the most severe manifestation of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), has been diagnosed in more than 900 children younger than 13 years of age throughout the United States as of May 1988, 77% of whom were infected in utero or perinatally secondary to maternal infection. Risk factors for maternal infection include intravenous drug abuse or sexual contact with partners who are intravenous drug abusers or bisexual. The remainder of children, including a high proportion of hemophiliacs, have been infected by blood or clotting factor infusion between 1979 and 1985. In addition, adolescents have acquired infection through sexual activity and intravenous drug use, as well as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood factors. The criteria for diagnosis of AIDS in children differ in some ways from those for adults, and the most recently published diagnostic criteria (Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report, Aug 14, 1987) include the expanded spectrum of disease, such as recurrent bacterial infections and encephalopathy, as well as including children with presumptive diagnosis of AIDS-associated diseases such as lymphpoid interstitial pneumonitis. There is no accurate estimate of the numbers of infected asymptomatic children or of infected children with milder symptoms that do not meet the criteria for the diagnosis of AIDS. Although most cases of pediatric HIV infection have been identified in New York City, Newark, Miami, and Los Angeles, cases are appearing in other locations. Thus, HIV infection in childhood is becoming more widespread, but in many states it is still rare. Because the cause of AIDS is a virus transmissible from human to human, pediatric health care workers must adjust infection control guidelines to meet this new threat.

scholarly journals The Need for Pediatric Formulations to Treat Children with HIV

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne F. Schlatter ◽  
Andrew R. Deathe ◽  
Rachel C. Vreeman
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Pediatric Hiv ◽  
Art Adherence ◽  
Pill Burden ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Dosing Intervals ◽  
Crucial Part

Over 3.2 million children worldwide are infected with HIV, but only 24% of these children receive antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART adherence among children is a crucial part of managing human-immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and extending the life and health of infected children. Important causes of poor adherence are formulation- and regimen-specific properties, including poor palatability, large pill burden, short dosing intervals, and the complex storage and transportation of drugs. This review aims to summarize the various regimen- and formulation-based barriers to ART adherence among children to support the need for new and innovative pediatric formulations for antiretroviral therapy (ART). Detailing the arguments both for and against investing in the development of pediatric HIV medications, as well as highlighting recent advances in pediatric ART formulation research, provides a synopsis of the current data related to pediatric ART formulations and adherence.

scholarly journals Human immunodeficiency virus gag and pol-specific CD8 T cells in perinatal HIV infection

Cytometry ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. McCloskey ◽  
Viraga Haridas ◽  
Raj Pahwa ◽  
Savita Pahwa
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Perinatal Hiv ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Childhood, Adolescence, and Pregnancy: A Status Report and National Research Agenda

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-308
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Nicholas ◽  
Diane L. Sondheimer ◽  
Anne D. Willoughby ◽  
Sumner J. Yaffe ◽  
Samuel L. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Human Services ◽  
Health Care Financing ◽  
Pediatric Hiv ◽  
Status Report ◽  
Social Security Administration ◽  
Health And Human Services ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

During the first half of this decade, much new information about the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) became available, including landmark reports of the syndrome in children from Oleske et al, Rubinstein et al, and Scott et al; descriptions of AIDS in pregnancy by Wetli et al, Rawlinson et al, and Minkoff et al; and discovery of the agent that causes AIDS, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, formerly called HTLV-III/LAV). The first sets of health guidelines pertaining to HIV-infected children and adolescents in school, day-care and foster care settings were published by the American Academy of Pediatrics' Committee on Infectious Diseases in March 1986 and 1987. In 1987, the Surgeon General's Workshop on Children With HIV Infection and Their Families provided the first comprehensive set of recommendations relevant to the provision of pediatric and obstetrical care to infected mothers, infants, children, and adolescents. Most recently, during February 1988, the Secretary of Health and Human Services formed the Secretary's Work Group on Pediatric HIV Infection and Disease that consisted of members from each of the health and human services agencies, including the Social Security Administration and the Health Care Financing Administration. The broad mandate of this group was to make recommendations to facilitate the removal of barriers to care, treatment, and financial burdens of children and adolescents with HIV infection and their families. In contrast, HIV infection has not received sufficiently widespread attention from the obstetric, pediatric, or adolescent research communities. The uneven geographic distribution of the disease; its associated social, legal, and ethical complexities; and the lack of sufficient research monies all have contributed to this problem.

scholarly journals Effect of Successive Single-gestation Pregnancies on the Course of Maternal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease and Perinatal Transmission

1995 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 251-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Robinson ◽  
Dan Wiley ◽  
Russ Van Dyke
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Multiple Pregnancy ◽  
Perinatal Transmission ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Matched Control Group ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Asymptomatic Women

Objective: This study was undertaken to examine the effect of successive pregnancies over a 3-year period on the course of maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the rate of perinatal transmission of HIV.Methods: A retrospective analysis of 32 pregnancies in 14 known HIV-infected women vs. a matched control group of HIV-infected women who had been pregnant only once was done.Results: The multiple-pregnancy group was similar to the single-pregnancy group for age, race, duration of known HIV infection, initial CD4 count, and date of first pregnancy. The delivery data were similar as well. The CD4 counts in the multiple-pregnancy group fell from 595 to 460, while counts in the single-pregnancy group fell comparably from 669 to 638, both over 37 months (P = 0.1476). Five of 5 second-born infants of known serostatus vs. 8 of 21 first-born infants were HIV-infected (P < 0.05).Conclusions: Successive pregnancies do not alter the course of HIV infection in asymptomatic women followed up to 3 years. The infants of second pregnancies of known HIV-infected women may be at higher risk for perinatal transmission.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Haemophiliacs Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus

1993 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 112-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Jacob ◽  
G.R. Sutherland ◽  
N.A. Boon ◽  
C.A. Ludlam
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
Dilated Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Cardiac Abnormalities ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can result in several cardiac abnormalities including dilated cardiomyopathy. These phenomena have been described in people contracting the virus through sexual intercourse, injection drug use and by vertical transmission. We have identified recently two Scottish haemophiliacs who have developed dilated cardiomyopathy in the context of HIV infection acquired through treatment with contaminated factor VIII. The significance of this finding is discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document