Consultation with the Specialist

1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 389-390
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Hardy ◽  
Allan Walker
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Neuromuscular Junction ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Anticholinergic Drugs ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Cholinergic Activity ◽  
Gallbladder Contraction ◽  
Autonomic Nervous

Acetylcholine (ACh), a common neurotransmitter in the human, acts in the brain at the neuromuscular junction and throughout the autonomic nervous system. Cholinergic receptors have been separated into two main groups: nicotonic (present at the neuromuscular junction) and muscarinic (present at all ganglia of the autonomic nervous system and postsynaptically in the parasympathetic nervous system). Anticholinergic medicines act at muscarinic sites. The first anticholinergic drugs were extracts of belladonna plants, which were used for centuries for their antimotility and antisecretory properties. These drugs generally are ineffective blockers of ACh at nicotinic receptors and cause neuromuscular blockade only at excessive doses. Because antimuscarinic medications block the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system, they affect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In general, the parasympathetic nervous system stimulates the GI system. Cholinergic impulses cause increased tone and motility of the stomach and intestines and increased secretion of gastric and intestinal fluids. Exocrine pancreatic secretion and gallbladder contraction also are stimulated by cholinergic activity. Anticholinergics reverse these responses. The prototypical anticholinergic, atropine, decreases output of gastric, intestinal, and pancreatic secretions; decreases motility and tone of the GI tract; and relaxes the gallbladder. Atropine not only interferes with cholinergic activity in the GI tract, it affects the entire body increasing heart rate, depressing salivary and bronchial secretion, decreasing sweating, dilating the pupils, inhibiting accommodation, inhibiting micturition, and causing constipation.

scholarly journals Effects of exercise on cardiac autonomic modulation in children: literature update

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 627-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Henrique de Oliveira Mondoni ◽  
Luiz Carlos Marques Vanderlei ◽  
Bruno Saraiva ◽  
Franciele Marques Vanderlei
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Autonomic Modulation ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Cardiac Autonomic Modulation

AbstractIntroduction It is known that physical exercise is beneficial and precipitates adjustments to the autonomic nervous system. However, the effect of exercise on cardiac autonomic modulation in children, despite its importance, is poorly investigated.Objective To bring together current information about the effects of exercise on heart rate variability in healthy and obese children.Methods The literature update was performed through a search for articles in the following databases; PubMed, PEDro, SciELO and Lilacs, using the descriptors “exercise” and “child” in conjunction with the descriptors “autonomic nervous system”, “sympathetic nervous system”, “parasympathetic nervous system” and also with no descriptor, but the key word of this study, “heart rate variability”, from January 2005 to December 2012.Results After removal of items that did not fit the subject of the study, a total of 9 articles were selected, 5 with healthy and 4 with obese children.Conclusion The findings suggest that exercise can act in the normalization of existing alterations in the autonomic nervous system of obese children, as well as serve as a preventative factor in healthy children, enabling healthy development of the autonomic nervous system until the child reaches adulthood.

scholarly journals Ocular Autonomic Nervous System: An Update from Anatomy to Physiological Functions

Vision ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Feipeng Wu ◽  
Yin Zhao ◽  
Hong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Parasympathetic Nerves ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
New Research ◽  
Almost All

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) confers neural control of the entire body, mainly through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. Several studies have observed that the physiological functions of the eye (pupil size, lens accommodation, ocular circulation, and intraocular pressure regulation) are precisely regulated by the ANS. Almost all parts of the eye have autonomic innervation for the regulation of local homeostasis through synergy and antagonism. With the advent of new research methods, novel anatomical characteristics and numerous physiological processes have been elucidated. Herein, we summarize the anatomical and physiological functions of the ANS in the eye within the context of its intrinsic connections. This review provides novel insights into ocular studies.

The Autonomic Nervous System

Neuroanatomy ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 117-138
Author(s):  
Adam J Fisch
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Cardiac Rhythm ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Baroreceptor Reflex ◽  
Urinary System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
System P ◽  
Hair Fiber ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

This chapter provides an overview of the autonomic nervous system and respective instructions for drawing its various components. These include the, parasympathetic nervous system, sympathetic nervous system, lower urinary system, baroreceptor reflex, respiration, and digestive tract. The chapter discusses the various functions of elements of these systems, and it presents conditions and illnesses specifically related to disorders in elements of the autonomic nervous system, such as cardiac rhythm abnormalities (arrhythmias), respiratory failure, gut dysmotility, bladder dysmotility, and skin manifestations, such as hair fiber loss and sweating.

scholarly journals Nonlinear coupling is absent in acute myocardial patients but not healthy subjects

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (2) ◽  
pp. H578-H586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Bai ◽  
Kin L. Siu ◽  
Salman Ashraf ◽  
Luca Faes ◽  
Giandomenico Nollo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Nonlinear Interactions ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Propranolol Administration ◽  
Young Subjects ◽  
Nonlinear Couplings

We investigated whether autonomic nervous system imbalance imposed by pharmacological blockades and associated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is manifested as modifications of the nonlinear interactions in heart rate variability signal using a statistically based bispectrum method. The statistically based bispectrum method is an ideal approach for identifying nonlinear couplings in a system and overcomes the previous limitation of determining in an ad hoc way the presence of such interactions. Using the improved bispectrum method, we found significant nonlinear interactions in healthy young subjects, which were abolished by the administration of atropine but were still present after propranolol administration. The complete decoupling of nonlinear interactions was obtained with double pharmacological blockades. Nonlinear couplings were found to be the strongest for healthy young subjects followed by degradation with old age and a complete absence of such couplings for the old age-matched AMI subjects. Our results suggest that the presence of nonlinear couplings is largely driven by the parasympathetic nervous system regulation and that the often-reported autonomic nervous system imbalance seen in AMI subjects is manifested as the absence of nonlinear interactions between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous regulations.

scholarly journals Autonomic dystonia syndrome in conditions of failure of the Bauhinia valve and after its surgical correction as a possible link in the etiopathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 01-05
Author(s):  
Martynov Vladimir Leonidovich
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peptic Ulcer ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Peptic Ulcer Disease ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Surgical Correction ◽  
Ulcer Disease ◽  
Autonomic Nervous

The classic works of I.P. Pavlov shows strong communication mechanisms between the two most important life-supporting systems of the body - the nervous and the digestive. The role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in the occurrence of acute gastroduodenal erosions and ulcers has been proven [1]. The flow of sympathetic impulses causes an excessive release of mediators (catecholamines), which leads to disruption of tissue trophism. An important role in ulceration belongs to the parasympathetic nervous system.

Peripheral Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Fisch
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Urinary System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
System P ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

Chapter 6 discusses how to draw the peripheral nervous system, specifically the autonomic nervous system, including autonomic fiber arrangements, the parasympathetic nervous system, the sympathetic nervous system, the urinary system, and the cardiac reflex.

What is the Autonomic Nervous System?

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Wallace ◽  
Janice Brock Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Bowel Movements

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) has already been introduced; let’s summarize what we know about it so far. Part of the peripheral nervous system, the ANS consists of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which consists of outflow from the thoracic and upper lumbar spine, and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), including outflow from the cranial nerves emanating from the upper spine and also from the mid-lumbar to the sacral areas at the buttock region. Several neurochemicals help transmit autonomic instructions. These include epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenalin), dopamine, and acetylcholine. This chapter will focus on how abnormalities in the regulation of the ANS cause many of the symptoms and signs observed in fibromyalgia. Our body has numerous receptors or surveillance sensors that detect heat, cold, and inflammation. These ANS sensors perform a function known as autoregulation. As an example of how the ANS normally works, why don’t we pass out when we suddenly jump out of bed? Because the ANS instantly constricts our blood vessels peripherally and dilates them centrally. In other words, as blood is pooled to the heart and the brain, the ANS adjusts our blood pressure and regulates our pulse, or heart rate, so that we don’t collapse. On the local level, these sensors dilate or constrict flow from blood vessels. They can secondarily contract and relax muscles, open and close lung airways, or cause us to sweat. For instance, ANS sensors can tone muscles, regulate urine, and regulate bowel movements, as well as dilate or constrict our pupils. The SNS arm of the ANS is our “fight or flight” system, releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine as well as a neurochemical called dopamine. Whereas the SNS often acts as an acute stress response, the PNS arm tends to protect and conserve body processes and resources. The SNS and PNS sometimes work at cross purposes, but frequently they work together to permit actions such as normal sexual functioning and urination. How do the workings of the ANS relate to fibromyalgia? The SNS is underactive in fibromyalgia in the sense that an increased ratio of excitatory to inhibitory responses from central sensitization results in lower blood flow rates, leaky capillaries, at relatively low baseline blood pressure.

BACK TO BASICS

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 489-492
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Rubenstein
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
Therapeutic Goals ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
And Function

The last 20 years have seen an explosion in our knowledge of the autonomic nervous system and our ability to manipulate its parasympathetic and sympathetic portions pharmacologically to achieve therapeutic goals. This article will briefly review the structure and function of the autonomic nervous system, with particular focus on the sympathetic branch. Included in the review is a discussion of the major receptors of the sympathetic system, concentrating on their intracellular mechanism of action, their effects on major target organ systems, and some commonly used pharmacologic agents that influence these organ systems through their actions on sympathetic receptors. Structure and Function of the System The autonomic (or involuntary) nervous system innervates the heart, visceral organs, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands. It can be divided functionally into the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, which have opposing functions. All autonomic nerve pathways consist of two nerves in sequence. Presynaptic nerves begin in the central nervous system and transmit impulses to the postsynaptic nerves. Postsynaptic nerves then carry impulses to the effector organ. Actions of the parasympathetic nervous system include bradycardia, vasodilation in skeletal muscle and skin, contraction of bronchial smooth muscle, increased gastrointestinal motility, pupillary miosis, and contraction of the bladder detrusor coupled with relaxation of the bladder trigone (necessary for spontaneous voiding).

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