Babies Who Are Small for Gestational Age

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 354-354
Author(s):  
Barbara K. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Heterogeneous Population ◽  
Growth Chart ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Definition Of

Small for gestational age (SGA) is a term applied to a heterogeneous population of babies who do not meet the expected growth parameters for their gestational age. The definition of SGA is variable, but the clinical definition used most often is any baby who weighs less than 2500 g and falls below the 10th percentile on the growth chart for its gestational age. These infants are at increased risk for hypoglycemia, polycythemia, and temperature instability and suffer higher neonatal mortality rates. Although they often are used interchangeably, the terms SGA and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) are not always synonymous. Approximately 60% of infants classified as SGA are constitutionally small babies who are small for gestational age but not growth retarded.

Maternal zinc and intrauterine growth retardation

1985 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Simmer ◽  
R. P. H. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Group I ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Zinc Levels

1. The levels of zinc in plasma, erythrocytes, polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear (MN) white cells were measured after delivery in women giving birth to appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) babies (group I mothers), or small-for-gestational-age (SGA) babies (group II mothers) and in non-pregnant controls. 2. Mean maternal plasma zinc and albumin levels 24-48 h after delivery were lower than in controls, but PMN and MN zinc levels were unchanged. PMN zinc levels were lower than those of MN cells. 3. PMN and MN zinc levels were significantly lower in group II mothers than in group I, irrespective of smoking habits. There were no racial differences in peripheral white cell zinc levels. 4. PMN, and to a lesser degree MN, zinc levels were lower in smoking than in non-smoking mothers. 5. Erythrocyte zinc did not correlate with other zinc measurements nor with the size of the babies. Fetal erythrocyte zinc levels were one-third of maternal levels. 6. A combination of smoking and/or low PMN zinc levels selects 85% of mothers having small-for-gestational-age babies.

Small for gestational age foetus

2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (33) ◽  
pp. 1301-1305
Author(s):  
Norbert Pásztor ◽  
Zoltán Kozinszky ◽  
Attila Pál
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Labour Induction ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Intrauterine Growth

A small for gestational age foetus is defined by the foetal weight below the 10th centile for the corresponding gestational age. However, the vast majority of these cases has no apparent underlying abnormality, while in other cases a serious causative pathological condition can be identified. The detection, follow-up and treatment of an intrauterine growth retarded, compromised foetus has great obstetric and neonatologic relevance. In this review, the causes, clinical aspects and screening methods of intrauterine growth retardation are summarized based on the most recent international guidelines. Furthermore, recommendations regarding the monitoring and the optimal timing of the labour induction of pregnancies complicated with intrauterine growth retardation are discussed. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(33), 1301–1305.

The Small for Gestational Age Infant: Accelerated or Delayed Pulmonary Maturation? Increased or Decreased Survival?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon E. Tyson ◽  
Kathleen Kennedy ◽  
Sue Broyles ◽  
Charles R. Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Lung Maturation ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Indigent Population ◽  
Better Than

Objective. Small for gestational age (SGA) neonates have been considered to have accelerated pulmonary maturation and thus a lower risk for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) than appropriate for gestational age (AGA) neonates. This, however, has not been thoroughly examined. Therefore, we compared SGA infants with AGA infants of the same gestational age (GA) with respect to risk of RDS, respiratory failure, or death. Population. An indigent population born in a large county hospital. Methods. Multivariate analyses were performed controlling for GA alone or for GA, race, sex, and congenital anomalies. Because the proper method to identify SGA infants is unclear, we performed separate analyses using different GA estimates (obstetric or pediatric) and intrauterine growth grids (hospital-specific grids or grids for a healthy, geographically-defined population). Results. SGA infants did not fare better than AGA infants in any analysis. SGA infants had significantly increased risk in some analyses of RDS and in almost all analyses of respiratory failure or death. The risk associated with being SGA was generally comparable to that associated with male sex or White race. Conclusion. The concept that intrauterine growth retardation accelerates lung maturation and improves outcome is not supported in comparisons of SGA and AGA infants of the same GA, sex, and race. This widely accepted concept deserves critical re-evaluation.

Growth and Development of Full-Term Nonasphyxiated Small-for-Gestational-Age Newborns: Follow-up Through Adolescence

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Westwood ◽  
Michael S. Kramer ◽  
Diane Munz ◽  
Joan M. Lovett ◽  
Gordon V. Watters
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Physical Growth ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Parental Height

Previous studies of growth and development in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants have been plagued by several methodologic defects, including a lack of control for socioeconomic status and parental height and an inability to distinguish among the effects of prematurity, neonatal asphyxia, and intrauterine growth retardation. An attempt has been made to overcome these defects in a study of 33 full-term, nonasphyxiated small-for-gestational-age neonates born between 1960 and 1966 and 33 matched control infants of normal birth weight. The infants were followed up and compared for physical growth and sexual, neurologic, and cognitive development at ages 13 to 19 years. Significant deficits in height, weight, and head circumference were found among the SGA cohort, even after statistical adjustment for differences in socioeconomic status and parental height. Sexual development and bone age were not delayed in the SGA group, however, indicating that the deficits in growth are permanent. On neurologic and cognitive testing, the SGA group had trends toward lower scores but scores were well within the normal range. It is concluded that full-term nonasphyxiated SGA infants have an impaired potential for physical growth, but a good prognosis for neurologic and cognitive development. Previous findings of more severe cognitive deficits are attributed to a failure to distinguish the effects of isolated intrauterine growth retardation from effects due to asphyxia.

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